Study on Damage Assessment of Earthen Sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province Based on Fuzzy-AHP and AHP-TOPSIS

Study on the Linear Vanishing Section Ratio of Earthen Sites and Anthropogenic Influence from the Perspective of Population Density

“…And the L-VSR data can also reflect the destruction status of castles in 2008 as the overall survey of castles was carried out in that year. This means that a good corresponding relationship between PD and L-VSR has been studied in this paper; Except for human influence, the damage of earthen sites is also closely related to the erosions of wind and rain and the vulnerability of rammed earth materials [9,13]. But a positive tendency between PD and L-VSR can be apparently seen from our research results, and correlation coefficients have passed the significant test, having statistical significance.…”

“…Undoubtedly, they are important cultural relic resources of mankind. Exposed to long-term natural forces including wind and rain erosions and human activities, however, earthen sites have developed many deteriorations such as sapping, cracks, scaling off, gullies, collapses, etc., severely threatening their safe occurrence [5,[9][10][11][12]. Under the circumstances, most earthen sites have been seriously damaged and even have vanished many sections due to the development of deteriorations and natural/human influences in the past thousands of years, so that they are greatly threatened by extinction.…”

“…A model characterizing the deterioration at earthen sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province was also proposed to reveal the mechanisms and evolution of deterioration from a macro perspective [5]. Based on these deteriorations development, the damage assessment of earthen sites was studied by means of multicriteria decision-making (MDCM) and machine learning methods combined with environmental factors and building materials indices, which has revealed earthen sites' local damages caused by the development of deteriorations [9,13]. However, a scientific approach to assess the overall damage of earthen sites was still lacked to quantitatively illustrate these sites' conservation status.…”

Multi-Criteria Parametric Verifications for Stability Diagnosis of Rammed-Earth Historic Urban Ramparts Working as Retaining Walls

“…Despite the large number of studies that address the constructive degradation of military earthen architecture in urban contexts [5][6][7][8], no research has been found on the structural study of cases in which historic ramparts work as retaining elements. This is precisely the main novelty of the topic discussed and developed in this research.…”

“…There are other proposals in the literature using a multi-criteria option to establish a more global assessment of the vulnerability of compacted earth structures. Fuzzy logic tools and parameterization were used in the section of the Great Wall of China (Qinghai Province) obtaining the risk of collapse of the earth structures [7,8]. However, none of the alternatives found in the literature specifically address the structural and mathematical analysis of compacted earthen walls, and neither the lateral earth pressure is considered.…”