Studies on the Sensitization of Animals With Simple Chemical Compounds

Abstract

One of the open questions concerning skin sensitization of the "contact dermatitis" type to simple chemical compounds is in which way sensitivity spreads all over the integument when only a given area is treated. This subject has been considered in a paper by Simon (1) and studied experimentally. The skin of guinea pigs was treated with concentrated nitric acid in such manner that a complete belt severed the continuity of the epidermis. Poison ivy extract was applied on the posterior part of the animals and after 10 days the anterior and the posterior parts were tested; both halves were seen to be sensitive. According to the author the evidence "indicates that • the route of distribution is not confined to the epidermis," and suggests that the spread is due to distribution of altered allergen by the blood stream or the lymphatic system. Furthermore, Simon observed that no significant difference exists in the degree of sensitivity between the area used for the sensitizing application and other parts of the skin, and by timed excisions found that such removal of the treated area did not interfere with the general skin sensitization provided it was performed later than 18 to 24 hours after the application of ivy extracts. He also found that sensitivity was first seen after a latency period of from 4 to 5 days.In contrast to the result of Simon, Straus and Coca (2) reported that in monkeys severance of the continuity of the skin some distance above the elbow and application of poison ivy extract to the forearm 767

Half-Body X-Ray Suppresses the Acquisition of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in the Mouse

“…Half-body x-ray given 3 days after allergen depressed the resultant sensitivity if the x-ray field included the lymph nodes regional to the sensitization site; similar x-ray administered shortly be fore allergen was ineffective. This result is consistent with a number of studies that have demonstrated the importance of the lymph nodes regional to the sensitization site during the induction of DTH [7,8,11]. These nodes are the main sites for the se questration and clonalization of T cells se lected by antigen; regional lymphadenectomy during the induction of DTH prevents the acquisition of sensitivity [12].…”

Studies on the Sensitization of Animals With Simple Chemical Compounds

“…Thus in earlier experiments of Landsteiner and Chase (12), patent lymphatics were required for initiating delayed sensitivity when ivy extract was applied on an isolated skin island. Not conceived then, the alternative explanation of peripheral sensitization and use of the lymphatic pathway for passage of newly "informed" cells into regional 1 For coupling of hapten in situ, information available on picryl chloride indicates that under physiological conditions (11) relatively high molar ratios of PC1 to protein are needed.…”

Skin Irritation and Sensitization: Mechanisms and New Approaches for Risk Assessment

“…The chemistry of protein haptenation has been investigated for about 70 years [22,23] , by Mayer in the 1950s [24] , by the breakthrough collaboration of Dupuis and Benezra at the beginning of the 1980s [25] , and in the 1990s and this century by Lepoittevin and colleagues [26][27][28][29][30] . However, a major step change occurred with the seminal publication of Roberts and Williams in 1982 [31] which combined chemistry with mathematical insights to yield quantitative structure-activity relationships.…”