Studies on the red blood cell oxygen affinity and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid in the hibernating woodchuck (Marmota monax)

Decrease in the red cell cofactor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate increases hemoglobin oxygen affinity in the hibernating brown bearUrsus arctos

“…Such long-term effects are typically mediated by changes in the levels of organic phosphates, from high-altitude mammals (46) to hypoxic fish (47). A similar decrease in DPG levels as found here has been demonstrated in other hibernating mammals, such as the 13-lined ground squirrel, the golden-mantled ground squirrel, the woodchuck, and the hedgehog (7,23,28,32). However, only in the hedgehog has the DPG decrease been demonstrated to be directly coupled with the increase in blood O 2 affinity during hibernation (28).…”

“…Although the molecular mechanisms for a hibernation-induced increase in blood O 2 affinity have not been much investigated, reductions in DPG levels have been found to be involved in the hedgehog (28) and possibly in some hibernating rodents (23,32).…”

Decrease in the red cell cofactor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate increases hemoglobin oxygen affinity in the hibernating brown bearUrsus arctos

“…Such long-term effects are typically mediated by changes in the levels of organic phosphates, from high-altitude mammals (46) to hypoxic fish (47). A similar decrease in DPG levels as found here has been demonstrated in other hibernating mammals, such as the 13-lined ground squirrel, the golden-mantled ground squirrel, the woodchuck, and the hedgehog (7,23,28,32). However, only in the hedgehog has the DPG decrease been demonstrated to be directly coupled with the increase in blood O 2 affinity during hibernation (28).…”

“…Although the molecular mechanisms for a hibernation-induced increase in blood O 2 affinity have not been much investigated, reductions in DPG levels have been found to be involved in the hedgehog (28) and possibly in some hibernating rodents (23,32).…”

Potential for Discovery of Neuroprotective Factors in Serum and Tissue from Hibernating Species

“…Immunomodulation during hibernation includes immune suppression during torpor characterized by leukocytopenia [4,119,135] and return of immune function with return of leukocytes during arousal [119]. Accordingly, complement activity was found to be lowest during torpor and highest during arousal in golden mantled ground squirrel [136].…”

Hibernation and Gas Exchange

“…There have been reports indicating no change, an increase or a decrease in hemoglobin concentration, as well as in hematocrit, erythrocyte count and blood volume of animals in hibernation (7, 73, 112, 132, 144, 196, 205). Overall the data suggest that there has been an increase in the O 2 ‐storage capacity of the blood.…”

“…13) (36, 50, 132, 159). This shift is due to a combination of decreased temperature (131, 178), reductions in 2,3‐DPG and ATP concentrations (28, 73, 103, 132, 205), and possibly increased pH (7, 36, 103, 132). The overall shape of the OEC becomes extremely steep with blood being fully saturated down to PO 2 levels of 15 to 25 torr and 50% saturated (P 50 ) at levels of 4 to 9 torr (Fig.…”

Decrease in the red cell cofactor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate increases hemoglobin oxygen affinity in the hibernating brown bearUrsus arctos

“…Such long-term effects are typically mediated by changes in the levels of organic phosphates, from high-altitude mammals (46) to hypoxic fish (47). A similar decrease in DPG levels as found here has been demonstrated in other hibernating mammals, such as the 13-lined ground squirrel, the golden-mantled ground squirrel, the woodchuck, and the hedgehog (7,23,28,32). However, only in the hedgehog has the DPG decrease been demonstrated to be directly coupled with the increase in blood O 2 affinity during hibernation (28).…”

“…Although the molecular mechanisms for a hibernation-induced increase in blood O 2 affinity have not been much investigated, reductions in DPG levels have been found to be involved in the hedgehog (28) and possibly in some hibernating rodents (23,32).…”

Potential for Discovery of Neuroprotective Factors in Serum and Tissue from Hibernating Species

“…Immunomodulation during hibernation includes immune suppression during torpor characterized by leukocytopenia [4,119,135] and return of immune function with return of leukocytes during arousal [119]. Accordingly, complement activity was found to be lowest during torpor and highest during arousal in golden mantled ground squirrel [136].…”

Hibernation and Gas Exchange

“…There have been reports indicating no change, an increase or a decrease in hemoglobin concentration, as well as in hematocrit, erythrocyte count and blood volume of animals in hibernation (7, 73, 112, 132, 144, 196, 205). Overall the data suggest that there has been an increase in the O 2 ‐storage capacity of the blood.…”

“…13) (36, 50, 132, 159). This shift is due to a combination of decreased temperature (131, 178), reductions in 2,3‐DPG and ATP concentrations (28, 73, 103, 132, 205), and possibly increased pH (7, 36, 103, 132). The overall shape of the OEC becomes extremely steep with blood being fully saturated down to PO 2 levels of 15 to 25 torr and 50% saturated (P 50 ) at levels of 4 to 9 torr (Fig.…”

Decrease in the red cell cofactor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate increases hemoglobin oxygen affinity in the hibernating brown bearUrsus arctos

“…Such long-term effects are typically mediated by changes in the levels of organic phosphates, from high-altitude mammals (46) to hypoxic fish (47). A similar decrease in DPG levels as found here has been demonstrated in other hibernating mammals, such as the 13-lined ground squirrel, the golden-mantled ground squirrel, the woodchuck, and the hedgehog (7,23,28,32). However, only in the hedgehog has the DPG decrease been demonstrated to be directly coupled with the increase in blood O 2 affinity during hibernation (28).…”

“…Although the molecular mechanisms for a hibernation-induced increase in blood O 2 affinity have not been much investigated, reductions in DPG levels have been found to be involved in the hedgehog (28) and possibly in some hibernating rodents (23,32).…”

Potential for Discovery of Neuroprotective Factors in Serum and Tissue from Hibernating Species

“…Immunomodulation during hibernation includes immune suppression during torpor characterized by leukocytopenia [4,119,135] and return of immune function with return of leukocytes during arousal [119]. Accordingly, complement activity was found to be lowest during torpor and highest during arousal in golden mantled ground squirrel [136].…”

Hibernation and Gas Exchange

“…There have been reports indicating no change, an increase or a decrease in hemoglobin concentration, as well as in hematocrit, erythrocyte count and blood volume of animals in hibernation (7, 73, 112, 132, 144, 196, 205). Overall the data suggest that there has been an increase in the O 2 ‐storage capacity of the blood.…”

“…13) (36, 50, 132, 159). This shift is due to a combination of decreased temperature (131, 178), reductions in 2,3‐DPG and ATP concentrations (28, 73, 103, 132, 205), and possibly increased pH (7, 36, 103, 132). The overall shape of the OEC becomes extremely steep with blood being fully saturated down to PO 2 levels of 15 to 25 torr and 50% saturated (P 50 ) at levels of 4 to 9 torr (Fig.…”