Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Alaska. XXVII. The Occurrence of Larvae of Trichinella spiralis in Alaskan Mammals

Babero, Bert B.; Rausch, Robert; Schiller, Everett L.

doi:10.2307/3274850

Cited by 95 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…(23), but in association with cyclical and episodic glacial-interglacial stages during the Pleistocene. Ursids, mustelids, canids, and felids, all important hosts for Nearctic species of Trichinella, dispersed and became established in the Nearctic during the late Pliocene and Quaternary (24,25). Increasingly cold and insular conditions in the Arctic during the late Miocene and Pliocene favored the development of cold-adapted forms at a time when Beringia may have represented a filter bridge for host-parasite assemblages limited by arctic and subarctic conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Miocene expansion, colonization, and host switching drove speciation among extant nematodes of the archaic genus Trichinella

Zarlenga

Rosenthal

Rosa

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

145

127

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Parasitic nematodes of the genus Trichinella cause significant food-borne illness and occupy a unique evolutionary position at the base of the phylum Nematoda, unlike the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Although the forthcoming genome sequence of Trichinella spiralis can provide invaluable comparative information about nematode biology, a basic framework for understanding the history of the genus Trichinella is needed to maximize its utility. We therefore developed the first robust and comprehensive analysis of the phylogeny and biogeographic history of Trichinella using the variation in three genes (nuclear small-subunit rDNA, and second internal transcribed spacer, mitochondrial large-subunit rDNA, and cytochrome oxidase I DNA) from all 11 recognized taxa. We conclude that (i) although Trichinellidae may have diverged from their closest extant relatives during the Paleozoic, all contemporary species of Trichinella diversified within the last 20 million years through geographic colonization and pervasive host switching among foraging guilds of obligate carnivores; (ii) mammalian carnivores disseminated encapsulated forms from Eurasia to Africa during the late Miocene and Pliocene, and to the Nearctic across the Bering Land Bridge during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, when crown species ultimately diversified; (iii) the greatest risk to human health is posed by those species retaining an ancestral capacity to parasitize a wide range of hosts; and (iv) early hominids may have first acquired Trichinella on the African savannah several million years before swine domestication as their diets shifted from herbivory to facultative carnivory.biogeography ͉ mitochondrial DNA ͉ phylogeny ͉ ribosomal DNA E xceptional biological diversity among nematodes is exemplified by certain attributes of the parasite Trichinella spiralis. Organization of its mitochondrial genome more closely resembles that of coelomate metazoans than that of its presumed closest relatives, the secernentean nematodes (1). In addition, T. spiralis (Dorylaimia) shares a similar proportion (45%) of its ESTs with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Rhabditina) as it does with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Arthropoda: Drosophilidae) (2). Thus, many ESTs common to T. spiralis and C. elegans are not necessarily specific to nematodes but may be conserved among diverse taxonomic groups of invertebrates. C. elegans is often thought of as a prototypical nematode because of its acceptance as a model for studying biological processes; however, genomic variation among nematodes is extensive and commensurate with their phylogenetic and ecological diversity. Therefore, the forthcoming genome sequence of T. spiralis will contribute substantially to our understanding of nematode biology and the origins of parasitism.In 1998, Blaxter et al. (3) used genetic data to delineate the phylum Nematoda into supertaxa consisting of five clades. Trichinella, a parasite of vertebrates, occupies a basal lineage (clade I) consisting of free-living Mononchida, ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Miocene expansion, colonization, and host switching drove speciation among extant nematodes of the archaic genus Trichinella

Zarlenga

Rosenthal

Rosa

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

145

127

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“…Infective larvae of this parasite have been found in skeletal muscles of 2 out of 131 walruses taken in the Bering and Chukchi seas (Rausch et al 1956;Fay 1960;Yurakhno and Treschev 1972) and in comparable proportions from the North Atlantic region (Fay 1960;Rausch 1970). aFrom Yurakhno and Treschev (1972), except as noted.…”

Section: Endoparasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(From Yurakhno and Treschev (1972) (N = 27, 3.7%), Rausch et al (1956) (N = 51, 0%), and Fay (1960) (N = 53, 1.9%).…”

Section: Endoparasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Biology of the Pacific Walrus,Odobenus rosmarus divergensIlliger

Fay¹

1982

North American Fauna

387

567

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“…T-2) appears to be confined to the arctic and subarctic zones of the Holarctic region. T. nativa is relatively common among bears, foxes, and dogs in this region and is reported from a wide variety of other mammals including wild boars, mustelids, felids, walrus, and seals (Rausch et al, 1956;Kjos-Hanssen, 1984;Roth, 1950;Madsen, 1961). However, in contrast to T. spiralis, T. nativa has very low infectivity for swine and rats (Dick, 1983;Murrell et al, 1986;Dame et al, 1987;Pozio et al, 1992b;Kapel et al, 1998).…”

Section: T Spiralismentioning

confidence: 99%

The systematics of the genus Trichinella with a key to species

Murrell

Lichtenfels

Zarlenga

et al. 2000

Veterinary Parasitology

100

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The authors review the major biological, biochemical, and molecular characters that are used to distinguish the seven Trichinella species (T. spiralis, T. nativa, T. britovi, T. pseudospiralis, T. murrelli, T. nelsoni, T. papuae) and three genotypes whose taxonomic status is yet uncertain (T-6, T-8, T-9). A comparison of host specificity, morphology, reproductive abilities, nurse cell development and freeze resistance is presented, along with useful biochemical and molecular markers. Finally, this information is used to construct a diagnostic key for the species. A phylogenetic classification of the species is needed.

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Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Alaska. XXVII. The Occurrence of Larvae of Trichinella spiralis in Alaskan Mammals

Cited by 95 publications

References 12 publications

Post-Miocene expansion, colonization, and host switching drove speciation among extant nematodes of the archaic genus Trichinella

Post-Miocene expansion, colonization, and host switching drove speciation among extant nematodes of the archaic genus Trichinella

Ecology and Biology of the Pacific Walrus,Odobenus rosmarus divergensIlliger

The systematics of the genus Trichinella with a key to species

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