Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test

Hanna, A. A.; Nour, Mohamed; Souaya, Eglal R.; Sherief, Marwa A.; abdelmoaty, alaa

doi:10.1515/chem-2018-0013

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The average burning rate of neat PP is slightly higher than that of neat PLA, and the pHRR, average HRR and THR for the neat PP is approximately 2 times higher than that for neat PLA. The reason why PP has high flammability is that PP consists of carbon and hydrogen (Hanna et al 2018). Furthermore, the calorific value of PP (43 MJ/kg) is higher than that of PLA (18 MJ/kg) (Castro-Aguirre et al 2016) and PP has a smaller LOI value than PLA.…”

Section: Flammability Properties Of the Neat Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mechanism for fire retardancy realized by a combination of biofillers and ammonium polyphosphate in various polymer systems

et al. 2021

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This study focused on realizing fire retardancy for polymer composites by using a cellulosic biofiller and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The motivation of this study was based on revealing the mechanism of the synergetic effect of a cellulosic biofiller and APP and determining the parameters required for achieving a V-0 rating in UL94 standard regardless of the kind of polymer system used. As for the polymer matrix, polypropylene and polylactic acid were used. The flammability, burning behavior and thermal decomposition behavior of the composites were investigated through a burning test according to the UL-94 standard, cone calorimetric test and thermogravimetric analysis. As a result, the incorporation of a high amount of cellulose enabled a V-0 rating to be achieved with only a small amount of APP despite the variation of the optimum cellulose loading between the matrix polymers. Through analysis, the results indicated that APP decreased the dehydration temperature of cellulose. Furthermore, APP promoted the generation of enough water as a nonflammable gas and formed enough char until the degradation of the polymer matrix was complete. The conditions required to achieve the V-0 rating were suggested against composites incorporating APP and biofillers. Furthermore, the suggested conditions were validated by using polyoxymethylene as a highly flammable polymer.

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Section: Flammability Properties Of the Neat Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mechanism for fire retardancy realized by a combination of biofillers and ammonium polyphosphate in various polymer systems

et al. 2021

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“…Symbols are indicative of different types of phosphorus flame retardant used. Here: ■ APP-10 [ 24 ], APP-12, APP-15 [ 25 ], APP-20 [ 26 ], APP-20 [ 27 ], APP-20 [ 28 ], APP-20 [ 23 ], APP-25 [ 29 ], APP-25 [ 30 ], APP-25 [ 31 ], APP-25 [ 32 ], APP-25 [ 33 ], APP-25 [ 34 ], APP-25, m-APP-25 [ 35 ], APP-25, mc-APP-25 [ 36 ], m-APP-25 [ 37 ], APP-30 [ 38 ], APP-30 [ 39 ], APP-30 [ 40 ], mc-APP-30 [ 41 ], APP-30, mc-APP-30 [ 42 ], APP-30, mc-APP-30 [ 43 ], APP-30, mc-APP-30 [ 44 ], APP-30, mc-APP-5, mc-APP-10, mc-APP-15, mc-APP-20, mc-APP-25, mc-APP-30 [ 45 ], APP-35, m-APP-35 [ 46 ], APP-35, m-APP-35 [ 47 ], APP-40, mc-APP-40 [ 48 ], APP-25, P-CA-25 [ 49 ], APP-25 [ 50 ], APP-IFR-20 [ ...…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

et al. 2020

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Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.

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“…For the matrix, a wide number of papers about flame retardants and mineral fillers for polymers [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] can be easily found. Flame retardants (FR) are substances that are added to combustible materials, such as plastic, to prevent fire or reduce the spread of fire to provide additional escape time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties

et al. 2020

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AbstractThe interest in natural fibre reinforced composites is growing in industrial applications due to natural fibres being an attractive alternative to synthetic fibres. However, it is necessary to improve the fire behaviour of the material because natural fibres have a high combustibility. The objective of this work is to evaluate the fire resistance of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibre fabric, using magnesium hydroxide as flame retardant for the polymeric matrix and alkali treatment for the fibre. The types of fabric are banana, banana with cotton and linen; and long banana fibre has been used for the formation of a nonwoven. The fire test is carried out based on ISO 9773 standard and the effect of the additive has been studied, chemical treatment, type of fabric and number of layers. Through statistical analysis, it is concluded that the flame propagation speed has a decreasing relation with respect to the percentage, but it decreases the mechanical properties considerably. In addition, the number of layers and type of fabric influence the fire properties. Finally, it is concluded that composites reinforced with linen fabric have the best mechanical properties, but banana nonwoven with 60% additive has the best fire behaviour.

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Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

A mechanism for fire retardancy realized by a combination of biofillers and ammonium polyphosphate in various polymer systems

A mechanism for fire retardancy realized by a combination of biofillers and ammonium polyphosphate in various polymer systems

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties

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