Studies on Experimental Concussion

Gurdjian, E. S.; Lissner, H. R.; Webster, J. E.; Latimer, F R; Haddad, Bob

doi:10.1212/wnl.4.9.674

Cited by 100 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Although larger animals are closer in size and physiology to humans, rodents are mostly used in TBI research due to their modest cost, small size and standardized outcome measurements, among other reasons (BOX 2). Whereas early models of TBI addressed the biomechanical aspects of brain injury 45-47 , more-recent models have been targeted at improving our understanding of the detrimental, complex molecular cascades that are initiated by head trauma. Among them, four specific models are widely used in research: fluid percussion injury (FPI) 48 , cortical impact injury (CCI) 49,50 , weight drop–impact acceleration injury 51 , and blast injury 52,53 (FIG 1; TABLE 1,2).…”

Section: Animal Models Of Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of traumatic brain injury

2013

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in both civilian life and the battlefield worldwide. Survivors of TBI frequently experience long-term disabling changes in cognition, sensorimotor function and personality. Over the past three decades, animal models have been developed to replicate the various aspects of human TBI, to better understand the underlying pathophysiology and to explore potential treatments. Nevertheless, promising neuroprotective drugs, which were identified to be effective in animal TBI models, have all failed in phase II or phase III clinical trials. This failure in clinical translation of preclinical studies highlights a compelling need to revisit the current status of animal models of TBI and therapeutic strategies.

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Section: Animal Models Of Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of traumatic brain injury

2013

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“…12,20,[35][36][37] The mechanics of the drop-weight procedure are often complicated by having a stationary mass over the dura and a softly supported head to limit the kinetic energy delivered to skull motion and brain deformation. Lighthall 31 applied controlled loads on the brain.…”

Section: Direct Brain Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Three Animal Models for Concussion and Serious Brain Injury

Viano¹,

Hamberger

Bolouri

et al. 2011

Ann Biomed Eng

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Three animal models were evaluated in this study involving head impacts of the rat, including the Marmarou drop-weight and two momentum-exchange techniques. In series 1, 36 Wistar rats were hit on the side of the free-moving head using Marmarou's 450 g impact mass at 4.4, 5.4, and 6.3 m/s. Head acceleration was measured and injuries were observed. The 6.3-m/s side impact resulted in no deaths, no skull fractures, infrequent contusions, and some injuries consistent with diffuse axonal injury. In series 2, 57 Marmarou drop-weight tests were conducted to study head biomechanical responses. Marmarou's technique involves a head impact followed by prolonged loading into a foam pad under the animal. Based on the literature, the 2 m (6.3 m/s) Marmarou drop causes death, skull fracture, brain and spinal cord contusions, and diffuse axonal injury. These injuries are more severe than that occurring with impact of similar mass and velocity to the free-moving head. Impacts to the free-moving head provide more realistic animal models to study concussion and severe brain injury.

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“…They called this technique of rapidly applying an extradural injection of fluid a “percussion concussion” to distinguish the injury from an acceleration concussion. A decade later, Gurdjian et al used a similar technique in mongrel dogs, applying compressed air in place of a fluid to transiently and rapidly raise intracranial pressure in an attempt to produce concussion (22). Later studies produced concussive brain injury by rapidly activating a plunger that injected fluid onto a column of water attached to the rabbit skull (23–25) or by dropping a weight onto a water column attached directly to the cerebral cortex of dogs (26).…”

Section: Emergence Of Percussion Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Review of the Fluid-Percussion TBI Model

Lyeth

2016

Front. Neurol.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern worldwide. Laboratory studies utilizing animal models of TBI are essential for addressing pathological mechanisms of brain injury and development of innovative treatments. Over the past 75 years, pioneering head injury researchers have devised and tested a number of fluid percussive methods to reproduce the concussive clinical syndrome in animals. The fluid-percussion brain injury technique has evolved from early investigations that applied a generalized loading of the brain to more recent computer-controlled systems. Of the many preclinical TBI models, the fluid-percussion technique is one of the most extensively characterized and widely used models. Some of the most important advances involved the development of the Stalhammer device to produce concussion in cats and the later characterization of this device for application in rodents. The goal of this historical review is to provide readers with an appreciation for the time and effort expended by the pioneering researchers who have led to today’s state of the art fluid-percussion animal models of TBI.

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Studies on Experimental Concussion

Cited by 100 publications

References 0 publications

Animal models of traumatic brain injury

Animal models of traumatic brain injury

Evaluation of Three Animal Models for Concussion and Serious Brain Injury

Historical Review of the Fluid-Percussion TBI Model

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