Studies of chemical fixation effects in human cell lines using Raman microspectroscopy

Spectroscopic and chemometric approaches to radiobiological analyses

“…Cell culture on such substrates has been demonstrated to be toxic to the cell, although use of molecular biochemical coatings (such as gelatin) have been shown to ameliorate such effects [37]. Cells may be studied in their live form with CRM, but may also be preserved with chemical fixation for both CRM and FTIRM (which will also require sample dessication), and this has been demonstrated to adjust both sets of spectra such that experimental controls preserved in the same manner are generally required [63].…”

Cellular discrimination using in vitro Raman micro spectroscopy: the role of the nucleolus

“…16,17 Thus, the potential applications extend beyond disease diagnostics to the label free in vitro screening of cytological processes, such as drug or nanoparticle uptake and mechanisms of interaction, and toxicology. 16,[18][19][20] There has been a wide range of studies to date demonstrating the potential of Raman micro spectroscopy to map live and fixed cells with subcellular resolution, [21][22][23][24][25] profile the distribution of anticancer agents [26][27][28][29][30] and nanoparticles in cells 16,31,32 and monitor subcellular processes 33 and toxicological responses. [34][35][36][37] Fundamental to the development of applications of Raman micro spectroscopy for disease diagnostics as well as analysis of cytological processes is an understanding of the variability of the spectral signatures across the subcellular environment, their potential for differentiation of cell phenotype or diseased state, and their sensitivity to external perturbation, such as viral infection, radiation damage, or chemical stress due to, for example, toxic or chemotherapeutic agents.…”

Imaging live cells grown on a three dimensional collagen matrix using Raman microspectroscopy

“…The identification of the sub-cellular structures such as the nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria can be achieved 23 and chemical maps can be constructed giving information about the distribution of differentiating molecules such as proteins 24 . However, these have been performed on chemically fixed cells and it has since been demonstrated that chemical fixation induces significant changes to the biochemistry of the cell 25,26 . Ultimately, if subtle changes in metabolism due to for example chemotherapeutic agents, toxicants, or radiation are to be discerned, live cells should be studied.…”