Studies of body temperature patterns in South American Camelidae

Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)

“…Higher T b amplitudes of 6–7 °C have been reported for springboks 50 and camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) 51 . Nevertheless the T b amplitudes of our animals were higher than the normal circadian variations in T b for llamas (37.5–38.6 °C) 52 possibly using adaptive heterothermy to some degree to reduce DEE. Furthermore in our study daily T b variations could be observed over the entire study period following the daily photoperiod as has also been reported for horses 8, 45, 53 , red deer 7 and ibex 9 .…”

Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)

“…Higher T b amplitudes of 6–7 °C have been reported for springboks 50 and camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) 51 . Nevertheless the T b amplitudes of our animals were higher than the normal circadian variations in T b for llamas (37.5–38.6 °C) 52 possibly using adaptive heterothermy to some degree to reduce DEE. Furthermore in our study daily T b variations could be observed over the entire study period following the daily photoperiod as has also been reported for horses 8, 45, 53 , red deer 7 and ibex 9 .…”

Energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of Peru

“…Even higher amplitudes of 4–7 °C have been found for the Arabian oryx 8 , springbok 30 and camel 31 . The daily T r fluctuations observed in our study were larger than the circadian variations of llamas under temperate conditions (37.5–38.6 °C) 32 and suggest that the animals used heterothermy, possibly to reduce energy expenditure. Furthermore, these daily T r fluctuations followed the daily photoperiod and daily T a cycle over the entire study period as evidenced by the correlation between T r and T a (Fig.…”

Relationships between integumental characteristics and thermoregulation in South American camelids

“…The diurnal temperature pattern was characterised by a sinusoidal variation with high body temperatures during the daytime and low ones after the sunset with daily fluctuations larger than 1.08C (de Lamo, 1990). In llamas and alpacas, diurnal patterns of core body temperature were found to lag behind the diurnal ambient temperature by 6 to 8 h (Bligh et al, 1975).…”

Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)

“…Higher T b amplitudes of 6–7 °C have been reported for springboks 50 and camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) 51 . Nevertheless the T b amplitudes of our animals were higher than the normal circadian variations in T b for llamas (37.5–38.6 °C) 52 possibly using adaptive heterothermy to some degree to reduce DEE. Furthermore in our study daily T b variations could be observed over the entire study period following the daily photoperiod as has also been reported for horses 8, 45, 53 , red deer 7 and ibex 9 .…”

Energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of Peru

“…Even higher amplitudes of 4–7 °C have been found for the Arabian oryx 8 , springbok 30 and camel 31 . The daily T r fluctuations observed in our study were larger than the circadian variations of llamas under temperate conditions (37.5–38.6 °C) 32 and suggest that the animals used heterothermy, possibly to reduce energy expenditure. Furthermore, these daily T r fluctuations followed the daily photoperiod and daily T a cycle over the entire study period as evidenced by the correlation between T r and T a (Fig.…”

Relationships between integumental characteristics and thermoregulation in South American camelids

“…The diurnal temperature pattern was characterised by a sinusoidal variation with high body temperatures during the daytime and low ones after the sunset with daily fluctuations larger than 1.08C (de Lamo, 1990). In llamas and alpacas, diurnal patterns of core body temperature were found to lag behind the diurnal ambient temperature by 6 to 8 h (Bligh et al, 1975).…”

Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)

“…Higher T b amplitudes of 6–7 °C have been reported for springboks 50 and camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) 51 . Nevertheless the T b amplitudes of our animals were higher than the normal circadian variations in T b for llamas (37.5–38.6 °C) 52 possibly using adaptive heterothermy to some degree to reduce DEE. Furthermore in our study daily T b variations could be observed over the entire study period following the daily photoperiod as has also been reported for horses 8, 45, 53 , red deer 7 and ibex 9 .…”

Energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of Peru

“…Even higher amplitudes of 4–7 °C have been found for the Arabian oryx 8 , springbok 30 and camel 31 . The daily T r fluctuations observed in our study were larger than the circadian variations of llamas under temperate conditions (37.5–38.6 °C) 32 and suggest that the animals used heterothermy, possibly to reduce energy expenditure. Furthermore, these daily T r fluctuations followed the daily photoperiod and daily T a cycle over the entire study period as evidenced by the correlation between T r and T a (Fig.…”

Relationships between integumental characteristics and thermoregulation in South American camelids

“…The diurnal temperature pattern was characterised by a sinusoidal variation with high body temperatures during the daytime and low ones after the sunset with daily fluctuations larger than 1.08C (de Lamo, 1990). In llamas and alpacas, diurnal patterns of core body temperature were found to lag behind the diurnal ambient temperature by 6 to 8 h (Bligh et al, 1975).…”