“…Croxton (2014) reviewed literature through the lens of Bandura's social cognitive theory, Anderson's interaction equivalency theorem, and Tinto's social integration theory regarding presences in online course design. Croxton noticed, as Spears did (2012), that teaching presence served as a very significant factor that influenced student satisfaction and persistence in online learning (Estelami, 2012;Harrison, Gemmell, & Reed, 2014;Kranzow, 2013). The review by Croxton was uncertain about student satisfaction and course satisfaction, both of which have their own components (Arbaugh, 2000;Artino, 2008, Gunawardena & Zittle, 1997Keeler, 2006;Lee et al, 2011) and further caution is needed in understanding and interpreting the relationship between teaching presence and satisfaction.…”