Structure of human auditory cortex. I. Cytoarchitectonics and dendritic distributions

Seldon, H. Lee

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90994-x

Cited by 184 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…These differences suggest that alterations in minicolumn organization-in autism-may have a profound impact on hemispheric specialization and functions that dependent on hemispheric specialization (such as language). In normal brain, the width of minicolumns and the distance between the columns is larger on the left than on the right [Seldon, 1981a[Seldon, , 1981b[Seldon, , 1982Buxhoeveden et al, 2001]. Seldon [1981aSeldon [ , 1981bSeldon [ , 1982 also showed that pyramidal cells in the posterior language cortex on the left contacted fewer columnar units than on the right.…”

Section: Brain Serotonin In Autistic Childrenmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In normal brain, the width of minicolumns and the distance between the columns is larger on the left than on the right [Seldon, 1981a[Seldon, , 1981b[Seldon, , 1982Buxhoeveden et al, 2001]. Seldon [1981aSeldon [ , 1981bSeldon [ , 1982 also showed that pyramidal cells in the posterior language cortex on the left contacted fewer columnar units than on the right. In addition, there is asymmetry in the size of the pyramidal cells constituting the minicolumns, with a greater number of large pyramidal cells in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere [Hutsler, 2003].…”

Section: Brain Serotonin In Autistic Childrenmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Serotonin in autism and pediatric epilepsies

Chugani

2004

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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Serotonergic abnormalities have been reported in both autism and epilepsy. This association may provide insights into underlying mechanisms of these disorders because serotonin plays an important neurotrophic role during brain development-and there is evidence for abnormal cortical development in both autism and some forms of epilepsy. This review explores the hypothesis that an early disturbance in the serotonin system affects cortical development and the development of thalamocortical innervation, and is a potential mechanism, common to autism and pediatric epilepsies associated with cortical dysplasia. An argument is made that cortical malformation leads to abnormalities of thalamocortical connectivity, and that serotonin plays a critical role in this process. Finally, a role for altered metabolism of the serotonin precursur, tryptophan, in both epilepsy and autism is discussed. Key Words: serotonin; autism; epilepsy; tryptophan; cortical development; kynurenine E pilepsy is more common among autistic children than in the general population; conversely, autism (or milder pervasive developmental disorders) is more common in epileptic children than in the general population. There is evidence for abnormalities of the neurotransmitter serotonin in both epilepsy and autism. The role of serotonin in brain development is briefly reviewed here and then the evidence considered for a role of an altered serotonin system in these developmental disorders. We hypothesize that serotonergic abnormalities during prenatal and early postnatal development may lead to changes in thalamocortical connectivity, which results in a predisposition for autism and epilepsy. In addition, we discuss the involvement of aberrant metabolism of tryptophan-the metabolic precursor of serotonin-as a potential mechanism for alterations in serotonin availability.

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Section: Brain Serotonin In Autistic Childrenmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Brain Serotonin In Autistic Childrenmentioning

confidence: 96%

Serotonin in autism and pediatric epilepsies

Chugani

2004

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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“…Because minicolumns in layer III are about one cell wide [Seldon, 1981a], the distance d between adjacent columns ought to be of the same order of magnitude as the distance between individual pyramidal cells in the horizontal plane (horizontal distance between nearby pyramidal cells with almost the same Y-coordinate). A heuristic approximation to this distance is the length of one side of a square which, when placed at random within the region of interest, encloses one cell on average.…”

Section: Mathematical Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of the cells aggregate in a linear fashion; a cell-poor area called the neuropil space surrounds both sides. This area, which is very noticeable in a cell body stain, is rich in unmyelinated axon fibers, dendritic arborizations and synapses [Seldon, 1981a]. The core area of a column and its immediate surroundings appear to contain the majority of the neurons, apical dendrites, cortical efferents, and corticocortical fibers, as well as unmyelinated axons and synapses [Peters and Sethares, 1996].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateralization of Minicolumns in Human Planum temporale Is Absent in Nonhuman Primate Cortex

Buxhoeveden¹,

Switala²,

Litaker³

et al. 2001

Brain Behav Evol

152

109

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Gross analyses of large brain areas, as in MRI studies of macroanatomical structures, average subtle alterations in small regions, inadvertently missing significant anomalies. We developed a computerized imaging program to microscopically examine minicolumns and used it to study Nissl-stained slides of normal human, chimpanzee, and rhesus monkey brains in a region of the planum temporale. With this method, we measured the width of cell columns, the peripheral neuropil space, the spacing density of neurons within columns, and the Gray Level index per minicolumn. Only human brain tissue revealed robust asymmetry in two aspects of minicolumn morphology: wider columns and more neuropil space on the left side. This asymmetry was absent in chimpanzee and rhesus monkey brains.

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“…The anatomical configuration of a minicolumn is generally understood to occupy an area containing neurons, apical dendrites, myelinated fibers of the thalamus, cortical efferents, and corticocortical fibers, as well as unmyelinated axons and synapses [Seldon, 1981a[Seldon, , 1982[Seldon, , 1985Ong and Carey, 1990;Peters and Payne, 1993;Peters and Sethares, 1996;Mountcastle, 1997]. Myelinated axon bundles are presumably cortical efferents originating in pyramidal cells in layer II/III ( fig.…”

Section: B Defining the Minicolumnmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Minicolumn and Evolution of the Brain

Buxhoeveden¹,

Casanova²

2002

Brain Behav Evol

112

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The minicolumn is generally considered an elementary unit of the neocortex in all mammalian brains. This essential building block has been affected by changes in the circuitry of the cortex during evolution. Researchers believe that enlargement of the cortical surface occurs through the addition of minicolumns rather than of single neurons. Therefore, minicolumns integrate cortical encephalization with organization. Despite these insights, few studies have analyzed the morphometry of the minicolumn to detect subtle but important differences among the brains of diverse mammals. The notion that minicolumns are essentially unchanged across species is challenged by strong evidence to the contrary. Because they are subject to species-specific variation, they can be used as a way to study evolutionary changes. Unfortunately, comparative studies are marred by a lack of standardized techniques, tissue preparation, cortical regions, or anatomical feature studied. However, recent advances in methodology enable standardized, quantified comparisons of minicolumn morphology.

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Structure of human auditory cortex. I. Cytoarchitectonics and dendritic distributions

Cited by 184 publications

References 24 publications

Serotonin in autism and pediatric epilepsies

Serotonin in autism and pediatric epilepsies

Lateralization of Minicolumns in Human Planum temporale Is Absent in Nonhuman Primate Cortex

The Minicolumn and Evolution of the Brain

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