Structure and creep of Russian reactor steels with a BCC structure

The Forecasting of Corrosion Damage of Structural Materials during Dry Long-Term Storage of RD BN-350 SNF with CC-19 SFA

“…The microstructure of the sample from the point of +160 mm, revealed by metallographic methods, is characterized by clearly visible slip bands, where in some places there are precipitations of carbide particles (probably M 23 C 6 ) about two to three micromeres in size [15,16]. After the annealing, the metallographic structure of steel revealed a number of slip bands decorated with carbide particles.…”

Effect of the Quenching Temperature on the Creep Resistance of 9% Cr–1% W–1% Mo–V–Nb Martensite Steel

“…The structure of these steels represents tempered martensite lath structure formed by means of heat treatment composed of quenching in the air and medium-temperature tempering [1,4,5]. A complex hierarchical structure of tempered martensite lath structure represents prior austenite grains (PAGs) divided into packets [1][2][3][4][5]. The boundaries of these structural elements are high-angle ones [1][2][3][4][5].…”

The Role of Deformation in Coarsening of M23C6 Carbide Particles in 9% Cr Steel

“…It is known that the degradation of the initial lath structure of tempered troostite, which includes particle enlargement, depletion of the ferrite matrix by elements providing solid-solution strengthening, and a decrease in the density of intercrystalline boundaries due to the growth of the lath structure and its transformation into the subgrain structure are reasons for a decrease in the strength of high chromium content steels under creep conditions. The contribution of the particles of the second phases to the heat resistance is of particular importance, since they prevent the migration of lath/subgrain boundaries in addition to ensuring the dispersion strengthening, [1,2,5,6,[8][9][10][11]. Kostka et al [9] showed that the strengthening by particles of the second phases in martensitic steel leads to a decrease in the creep rate by more than two orders of magnitude.…”

“…At present, dispersion hardening in high chromium content steels is ensured by several types of particles (M 23 C 6 , Fe 2 W, MX, Z-phase, etc.) with different morphologies, distributions, and growth rates [2,5,6,[9][10][11][12]. The introduction of MX carbonitride nanoparticles into 9% Cr steel made it possible to raise the operating temperature of these steels (P911 and P92) to 580-600°C [1,10].…”

“…with different morphologies, distributions, and growth rates [2,5,6,[9][10][11][12]. The introduction of MX carbonitride nanoparticles into 9% Cr steel made it possible to raise the operating temperature of these steels (P911 and P92) to 580-600°C [1,10]. During the heat treatment, M 23 C 6 car-bide particles are released along the boundaries of the initial austenitic grains (IAGs), packs, blocks, and laths [2,5,6,11,12] and occupy the largest volume fraction among all types of particles.…”