Stretchable strain sensors based on polyaniline/thermoplastic polyurethane blends

Rashid, Iqra Abdul; Irfan, Muhammad; Gill, Yasir Qayyum; Nazar, Rabia; Saeed, Farhan; Afzal, Ayesha; Ehsan, Hira; Qaiser, Asif Ali; Shakoor, Abdul

doi:10.1007/s00289-019-02796-x

Cited by 43 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Dopants developed with various acids, insulating polymers, and other conductive hybrids. Following this, Irfan et al in situ polymerized PANI dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid DBSA particles within thermoplastic PU (TPU) matrices, and their study reveals that excessive concentration of aniline monomer results in polymerization difficulties because of the oxidant diffusivity controlled by the TPU molecular chains [120].…”

Section: Polyaniline Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Conducting Polymer Composite/Nanofiber-Based Strain and Pressure Sensors

et al. 2021

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The Conducting of polymers belongs to the class of polymers exhibiting excellence in electrical performances because of their intrinsic delocalized π- electrons and their tunability ranges from semi-conductive to metallic conductive regime. Conducting polymers and their composites serve greater functionality in the application of strain and pressure sensors, especially in yielding a better figure of merits, such as improved sensitivity, sensing range, durability, and mechanical robustness. The electrospinning process allows the formation of micro to nano-dimensional fibers with solution-processing attributes and offers an exciting aspect ratio by forming ultra-long fibrous structures. This review comprehensively covers the fundamentals of conducting polymers, sensor fabrication, working modes, and recent trends in achieving the sensitivity, wide-sensing range, reduced hysteresis, and durability of thin film, porous, and nanofibrous sensors. Furthermore, nanofiber and textile-based sensory device importance and its growth towards futuristic wearable electronics in a technological era was systematically reviewed to overcome the existing challenges.

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Section: Polyaniline Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Conducting Polymer Composite/Nanofiber-Based Strain and Pressure Sensors

et al. 2021

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“…As the volume of vessels increases, the strain on the PANI sensor increases as the heart moves to the systole phase. The elongation of the sensor reduces the contact between polymer chains of the PANI sensor because of the shape change and micro-cracks, thereby increasing the resistance of the sensor [26,[30][31][32]. Hence, the resistance of the PANI sensor reflects a pulse wave (the resistance incFreases in the systole phase and decreases in the diastole phase).…”

Section: A Working Principle Of Pani Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

A Flexible Patch-Type Strain Sensor Based on Polyaniline for Continuous Monitoring of Pulse Waves

et al. 2020

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A flexible, patch-type strain sensor is described for continuous monitoring of pulse waves. The proposed sensor exploits the piezo-resistivity of the conductive polymer, polyaniline (PANI), to detect dynamic volume changes in blood vessels owing to pulse waves. The proposed PANI film was fabricated through electrodeposition, which is considered as a suitable low-cost technique for mass production in the sensor manufacturing industry. Thus, it is prospective for a disposable wearable sensing system solution in remote healthcare applications. Besides, a flexible sensor packaging can be achieved by laminating the PANI films and an ECOFLEX elastomer to the film bandage. The proposed PANI sensor has high sensitivity (gauge factor of 74.28) and linearity (R 2 = 0.99). It also showed a high correlation with commercially available photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor with the small bias and confidence interval to the PPG sensor: bias < 0.1% and confidence interval < 3% for all subjects. Moreover, the proposed PANI sensor was tested for prospective circulatory system-related applications such as measuring heart rate, stiffness index, and pulse transit time. Finally, the proposed study suggests that the proposed PANI sensor is a promising candidate for continuous, long-term, unobtrusive pulse wave monitoring, which can provide real-time insights into an individual's health status.

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“…The technique of transfer-matrix was used to calculate the components of the ac electrical conductivity (σ*[f]) of a resistor two-dimensional network, by replacing the resistance R with the impedance Z from Equation 3and (4). Z represents the difficulty or potential barrier when charge carriers jump between localized states and depends on factors like the characteristics and structure of the studied materials.…”

Section: Calculation Of Electrical Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conductive polymer composites (CPC) are materials consisting of a polymeric matrix and a conductive phase, such as carbon-based and inorganic-based fillers, conducting polymers, etc. [1][2][3][4] The dispersion of conductive fillers in polymer matrices enables the control of electrical conductivity, allowing different applications as in electromechanical sensors, electronic packaging, electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI), structural reinforcement, heating elements, high-charge storage capacitors, and stretchable conductors [5][6][7][8][9][10] For instance, Yang et al [11] obtained 3D copper nanowires-thermally annealed graphene aerogel (CuNWs-TAGA)/epoxy nanocomposites with excellent electrical conductivity of 120.8 S/m and the maximum electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) value of 47 dB; also, Wang et al [12] obtained a lightweight and robust reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/sugarcane derived hybrid carbon foams with electrical conductivity of 6.0 S/cm and EMI SE of 53 dB. These lightweight nanocomposites with good electrical conductivity and mechanical property, shielding performance, flame retardancy, and heat insulation, have great potential in EMI application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the electrical conduction process in natural rubber‐based conductive nanocomposites filled with cellulose nanowhiskers coated by polyaniline

et al. 2020

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In the present work, the electrical properties of a natural rubber-based nanocomposite (NR) filled with cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) coated with polyaniline (PANI) were studied. We developed a statistic model that simulates nanocomposite microstructure and conductivity, calculated using the transfer matrix technique. A two-dimensional network of resistors representing a microstructure of both the insulating region (NR) and conductive fillers (cellulose nanowhiskers coated with polyaniline-CNWP) was developed. The conductance of bond between two neighboring sites in the CNWP filler and two neighboring sites of the NR matrix was estimated using Drude's equation and Dyre's formula, respectively. Results of the simulations show that the conduction process between two sites of NR follows the modified Dyre model (RFEB), while between two CNWP sites follows the modified Drude model. The theoretical-experimental adjustment shows that the electrical conduction process occurs via hopping and tunneling between states located inside the CNWP phase, randomly distributed in the rubber matrix.

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Stretchable strain sensors based on polyaniline/thermoplastic polyurethane blends

Cited by 43 publications

References 30 publications

Recent Progress in Conducting Polymer Composite/Nanofiber-Based Strain and Pressure Sensors

Recent Progress in Conducting Polymer Composite/Nanofiber-Based Strain and Pressure Sensors

A Flexible Patch-Type Strain Sensor Based on Polyaniline for Continuous Monitoring of Pulse Waves

Study of the electrical conduction process in natural rubber‐based conductive nanocomposites filled with cellulose nanowhiskers coated by polyaniline

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