Stress Relaxation in Aluminum Welding Using Ultrasonic Method

Andrino, Marcilio Haddad; Santos, Auteliano Antunes dos; Bray, Don E.; Trevisan, R.E.

doi:10.1115/pvp2007-26662

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…B is a combination of the acoustoelastic constant (K) and TOF (t 0 ) in stress-free samples. In many studies [ 19 , 20 , 24 ], both the acoustoelastic constant (K) and elastic modulus (E) need to be calibrated by standard uniaxial tensile tests. In contrast, only the SATD factor (B) needs calibration in this study.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, Equation (13) is intrinsically a simplified representation of Equation (1). Compared with other theoretical formulae [ 19 , 20 , 35 ], the formula presented in this study has three main advantages. Firstly, the factors that influence stress measurement in Equation (1), including material density and the second and third order elastic constants of material, are integrated into a single SATD factor.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is used as not only the bearing member but also the connecting member, which makes it one of the most important and typical components. However, the current studies concerning internal stress measurement of angle steel are rare [ 12 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Therefore, this paper choose the angle steel member as one of the test specimens to study how to determine the internal stress using ultrasonic method.…”

Section: Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common application of this approach is for residual stress measurement after welding. Welding residual stress results from complex thermo-plastic deformations in the material [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. The sensitivity of ultrasonic waves to stress has been tested by Egle and Bray [ 18 ] with a pearlitic steel bar under tensile and compressive loads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the Lcr wave method has been the focus of many studies recently. Bray and Santos [ 19 , 20 ] used Lcr waves to detect the residual stresses of an aluminum welded seam and a steel welded seam. The results confirmed the relaxation phenomenon of welding residual stress, and that the stress relaxation of the aluminum welded seam was less than that of the steel counterpart.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal Stress Monitoring of In-Service Structural Steel Members with Ultrasonic Method

Teng

et al. 2016

Materials

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Internal stress in structural steel members is an important parameter for steel structures in their design, construction, and service stages. However, it is hard to measure via traditional approaches. Among the existing non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, the ultrasonic method has received the most research attention. Longitudinal critically refracted (Lcr) waves, which propagate parallel to the surface of the material within an effective depth, have shown great potential as an effective stress measurement approach. This paper presents a systematic non-destructive evaluation method to determine the internal stress in in-service structural steel members using Lcr waves. Based on theory of acoustoelasticity, a stress evaluation formula is derived. Factor of stress to acoustic time difference is used to describe the relationship between stress and measurable acoustic results. A testing facility is developed and used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. Two steel members are measured by using the proposed method and the traditional strain gauge method for verification. Parametric studies are performed on three steel members and the aluminum plate to investigate the factors that influence the testing results. The results show that the proposed method is effective and accurate for determining stress in in-service structural steel members.

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal Stress Monitoring of In-Service Structural Steel Members with Ultrasonic Method

Teng

et al. 2016

Materials

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Methodology for Mapping the Residual Stress Field in Serviced Rails Using LCR Waves

et al. 2022

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Non-destructive stress measurement by ultrasonic testing is based on calculating the acoustoelastic modulus obtained from the relationship between material stress and sound wave velocity. A critically refracted longitudinal (L CR ) wave, which is a bulk longitudinal wave penetrating below and parallel to the surface below an effective depth, is most suitable for ultrasonic stress measurement tests because it exhibits a relatively large change in travel time in response to a change in stress. In particular, the residual stress distribution through the thickness of the subject can be calculated if transducers of different frequencies are applied because of the characteristic of propagation to different depths of penetration depending on the frequency. The main purpose of this study was to visualize the internal or residual stress distribution through the thickness of rails using L CR waves. To this end, L CR probes with different center frequencies were designed and manufactured, and the residual stress values of an unused railroad rail and two used railroad rails operated under different conditions were calculated. This was done using the ultrasonic signals received from each probe, of which the distributions were mapped. Through these mapping results, different residual stress values could be calculated according to the depth. The differences in residual stress generation and distribution according to the conditions surrounding the contact between train wheels and rails, and their characteristics, were visualized and analyzed. As a result, it could be concluded that the non-destructive evaluation technique using L CR waves could detect differences in the residual stress of a rail, and thus can be used to measure the residual stress of the rail accurately.

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Reliability verification of stress data from extracted specimens using L_CR wave stress data from full-section rail specimens

Hwang¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

et al. 2022

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Non-destructive stress measurement using ultrasonic techniques is based on calculation of the acoustoelastic coefficient obtained from the relationship between material stress and sound wave velocity. Longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves are the most suitable for ultrasonic stress measurement testing. This is because these waves exhibit a relatively large change in flight time in relation to a change in stress. In general, to calculate the acoustoelastic coefficient, tensile tests are performed with specimens extracted from the test objects to be inspected, and the difference in the speed of ultrasonic waves is measured in relation to the stress applied. However, train rails are usually subjected to compressive loads and no research has been conducted to confirm whether the results obtained using this method match the coefficients obtained from test objects in full cross-section. Therefore, results from compression tests on full cross-section specimens are needed as reference data to determine the reliability of the results obtained using extracted specimens. In this study, experiments were conducted to compare the result from applying compressive loads to full cross-section specimens to the experimental result obtained from specimens extracted from each rail section. For this purpose, ultrasonic probes capable of generating LCR waves were designed and manufactured to apply the technique to measure the applied stress. Based on the results obtained using this probe, the acoustoelastic coefficient values obtained from each specimen were compared. Then, the feasibility of calculating the internal stresses in railway rails using the acoustoelastic constants obtained from the extracted specimens was determined, and the reliability of the method was verified. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the acoustoelastic coefficients calculated using the data from extracted specimens and those using full cross-section specimens.

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Stress Relaxation in Aluminum Welding Using Ultrasonic Method

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Internal Stress Monitoring of In-Service Structural Steel Members with Ultrasonic Method

Internal Stress Monitoring of In-Service Structural Steel Members with Ultrasonic Method

Methodology for Mapping the Residual Stress Field in Serviced Rails Using LCR Waves

Reliability verification of stress data from extracted specimens using L_CR wave stress data from full-section rail specimens

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Stress Relaxation in Aluminum Welding Using Ultrasonic Method

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Internal Stress Monitoring of In-Service Structural Steel Members with Ultrasonic Method

Internal Stress Monitoring of In-Service Structural Steel Members with Ultrasonic Method

Methodology for Mapping the Residual Stress Field in Serviced Rails Using LCR Waves

Reliability verification of stress data from extracted specimens using LCR wave stress data from full-section rail specimens

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Reliability verification of stress data from extracted specimens using L_CR wave stress data from full-section rail specimens