Stress and Welfare in Sparid Fishes

Tort, L.; Pavlidis, M.; Woo, Norman Y.S.

doi:10.1002/9781444392210.ch3

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The reference resting values for plasma cortisol in gilthead sea bream are between 1 and 10 ng ml −1 , and for chronic (around 33 ±34.1 ng ml −1 ) and acute (162±101.8 ng ml −1 ) stress (Tort, et al, 2011) are significantly higher. Surprisingly, plasma cortisol levels in fish maintained at 23°C under standard experimental conditions were characteristic of a stress response.…”

Section: Thermal Challenge As a Stressormentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Aquaculture production of the gilthead sea bream is concentrated in the Mediterranean, from Turkey to Spain (www.feap.info/ shortcut.asp?FILE=1402) and, because fish are caged, they are unable to avoid seasonal fluctuations in water temperature (Tattersall et al, 2012;Tort et al, 2011). Under aquaculture conditions, a prolonged winter with water temperatures below 13°C often leads to mortality of unknown aetiology in sea bream and not strongly associated with a specific pathogen (Padrós et al, 1996;Sarusic, 1999) that has been termed winter syndrome or winter disease (Tort et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under aquaculture conditions, a prolonged winter with water temperatures below 13°C often leads to mortality of unknown aetiology in sea bream and not strongly associated with a specific pathogen (Padrós et al, 1996;Sarusic, 1999) that has been termed winter syndrome or winter disease (Tort et al, 2011). This syndrome is a multifactorial condition associated with a high but transient (24-48 h) rise in plasmatic levels of cortisol and triggers a classical stress response with the associated secondary effects (Rotllant et al, 2000;SalaRabanal et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal imprinting modifies bone homeostasis in cold challenged sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.)

Mateus

Costa

Gisbert

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Fish are ectotherms and temperature plays a determinant role in their physiology, biology and ecology, and is a driver of seasonal responses. The present study assessed how thermal imprinting during embryonic and larval stages modified the response of adult fish to low water temperature. We targeted the gilthead sea bream, which develops a condition known as winter syndrome when it is exposed to low water temperatures. Eggs and larvae of sea bream were exposed to four different thermal regimes and then the response of the resulting adults to a low temperature challenge was assessed. Sea bream exposed to a high-low thermal regime as eggs and larvae (HLT; 22°C until hatch and then 18°C until larvae-juvenile transition) had increased plasma cortisol and lower sodium and potassium in response to a cold challenge compared with the other thermal history groups. Plasma glucose and osmolality were increased in coldchallenged HLT fish relative to the unchallenged HLT fish. Cold challenge modified bone homeostasis/responsiveness in the lowhigh thermal regime group (LHT) relative to other groups, and ocn, ogn1/2, igf1, gr and trα/β transcripts were all downregulated. In the low temperature group (LT) and HLT group challenged with a low temperature, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities were decreased relative to unchallenged groups, and bone calcium content also decreased in the LT group. Overall, the results indicate that thermal imprinting during early development of sea bream causes a change in the physiological response of adults to a cold challenge.

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Section: Thermal Challenge As a Stressormentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal imprinting modifies bone homeostasis in cold challenged sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.)

Mateus

Costa

Gisbert

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Wedemeyer et al (1990) Stress and acclimation Barton and Iwama (1991) Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids Pickering (1992) Rainbow trout husbandry: management of the stress response Sumpter (1992) The stress response and its consequences in cultured fish Pickering et al (1993) Stress and adaptation Sumpter (1993) The deleterious effects of stress and their significance to aquaculture Sumpter et al (1994) The wide ranging effects of stress on fish Sumpter (1997) The endocrinology of stress Wendelaar Bonga (1997) The stress response in fish Mommsen et al (1999) Cortisol in teleosts: dynamics, mechanisms of action and metabolic regulation Barton et al (2002) Physiological and condition-related indicators of environmental stress in fish Barton (2002) Stress in fishes: a diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids Davis (2006) Management of physiological stress in finfish aquaculture Pottinger (2008) The stress response in fish: mechanisms, effects and measurement Prunet et al (2008) Functional genomics of stress responses in fish Aluru and Vijayan (2009) Stress transcriptomics in fish: a role for genomic cortisol signalling Galhardo and Oliveira (2009) Psychological stress and welfare in fish Tort (2010) Stress in farmed fish. Its consequences in health and performance Tort et al (2011) Stress and welfare in sparid fishes Hormone response to stress Fish Physiol Biochem (2012) 38:163-188 165 Table 2 Stages of Selye's conceptual model of stress termed the general adaptation syndrome, alongside examples of the primary, secondary and tertiary stress response indicators (adapted from Mazeaud and Mazeaud 1981;Donaldson 1981;Wedemeyer et al 1990;Anderson 1990;Barton 1997) General Fig. 1) is triggered by higher brain centres and is one of two neuroendocrine axes constituting the 1°r esponse to stress.…”

Section: What Is Stress?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol and finfish welfare

Ellis

Yıldız

López‐Olmeda

et al. 2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

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274

145

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Previous reviews of stress, and the stress hormone cortisol, in fish have focussed on physiology, due to interest in impacts on aquaculture production. Here, we discuss cortisol in relation to fish welfare. Cortisol is a readily measured component of the primary (neuroendocrine) stress response and is relevant to fish welfare as it affects physiological and brain functions and modifies behaviour. However, we argue that cortisol has little value if welfare is viewed purely from a functional (or behavioural) perspective-the cortisol response itself is a natural, adaptive response and is not predictive of coping as downstream impacts on function and behaviour are dose-, time- and context-dependent and not predictable. Nevertheless, we argue that welfare should be considered in terms of mental health and feelings, and that stress in relation to welfare should be viewed as psychological, rather than physiological. We contend that cortisol can be used (with caution) as a tractable indicator of how fish perceive (and feel about) their environment, psychological stress and feelings in fish. Cortisol responses are directly triggered by the brain and fish studies do indicate cortisol responses to psychological stressors, i.e., those with no direct physicochemical action. We discuss the practicalities of using cortisol to ask the fish themselves how they feel about husbandry practices and the culture environment. Single time point measurements of cortisol are of little value in assessing the stress level of fish as studies need to account for diurnal and seasonal variations, and environmental and genetic factors. Areas in need of greater clarity for the use of cortisol as an indicator of fish feelings are the separation of (physiological) stress from (psychological) distress, the separation of chronic stress from acclimation, and the interactions between feelings, cortisol, mood and behaviour.

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“…The welfare of fish in captivity has been a matter of growing concern and, in contrast to many terrestrial species, there is a paucity of scientific information on the welfare of fish raised under aquaculture conditions (Ashley, 2007;Chandroo et al, 2004;Huntingford and Kadri, 2014;Tort et al, 2011). Despite the paucity of knowledge about their welfare, welfare of fish is considered in the legislation of most European countries (Galhardo and Oliveira, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%