Stress and stress reduction in common marmosets

Kaplan, Gisela; Pines, Mathew; Rogers, Lesley J.

doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.011

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Additional research on these baboons found temperamental differences impacting the success of friendship formation after the death of a relative (Seyfarth & Cheney, ). Likewise, Kaplan et al () recorded a more than doubling in stress levels in a group of common marmosets following the accidental death of a roommate; stress levels remained high for 3 days. Despite not observing overt signs of grief, Fossey () reported similar readjustments (playing with juveniles) in primiparous female mountain gorillas whose infants were subject to infanticide, perhaps, the author suggests, strengthening social ties.…”

Section: Primate Thanatology: Contemporary Reportsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The emerging subfield of primate thanatology was not outside the experimental sphere. Besides key studies exploring grief‐like responses using the infant‐mother separation paradigm (Jensen & Tolman, ; Seay, Hansen & Harlow, ; Hinde, Spencer‐Booth & Bruce, ; Kaufman & Rosenblum, ), other experimental paradigms included: the stuffed/fresh corpse paradigm (Hebb, ; Butler, , Bertrand, ; Kaplan, ), where a recently dead/stuffed primate was introduced to the group; the anaesthesia paradigm (Rosenblum & Youngstein, ; Rosenson, ; Negayama, ), involving the presentation of a live but temporarily inert individual; the playback call paradigm (Allen & Hauser, ; Palombit, Seyfarth & Cheney, ), whereby calls of dead infants or their mothers are played to group members; and the hormonal paradigm (Engh et al , ; Kaplan, Pines & Rogers, ; Seyfarth & Cheney, ), which measures stress levels through sample collection upon the death of a group member.…”

Section: Primate Thanatology: a Scattered Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primate thanatology has recently benefitted from careful ethological observations which could be complemented by hormonal measurements (Engh et al , ; Kaplan et al , ) carried out in a systematic fashion. Social Network Analysis could provide a useful tool to analyse the social impact on a group of the death of one of its members ( sensu Kanngiesser et al , ).…”

Section: Primate Thanatology: Evolutionary/cognitive Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Death among primates: a critical review of non‐human primate interactions towards their dead and dying

2019

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For the past two centuries, non-human primates have been reported to inspect, protect, retrieve, carry or drag the dead bodies of their conspecifics and, for nearly the same amount of time, sparse scientific attention has been paid to such behaviours. Given that there exists a considerable gap in the fossil and archaeological record concerning how early hominins might have interacted with their dead, extant primates may provide valuable insight into how and in which contexts thanatological behaviours would have occurred. First, we outline a comprehensive history of comparative thanatology in non-human primates, from the earliest accounts to the present, uncovering the interpretations of previous researchers and their contributions to the field of primate thanatology. Many of the typical behavioural patterns towards the dead seen in the past are consistent with those observed today. Second, we review recent evidence of thanatological responses and organise it into distinct terminologies: direct interactions (physical contact with the corpse) and secondary interactions (guarding the corpse, vigils and visitations). Third, we provide a critical evaluation regarding the form and function of the behavioural and emotional aspects of these responses towards infants and adults, also comparing them with non-conspecifics. We suggest that thanatological interactions: promote a faster re-categorisation from living to dead, decrease costly vigilant/caregiving behaviours, are crucial to the management of grieving responses, update position in the group's hierarchy, and accelerate the formation of new social bonds. Fourth, we propose an integrated model of Life-Death Awareness, whereupon neural circuitry dedicated towards detecting life, i.e. the agency system (animate agency, intentional agency, mentalistic agency) works with a corresponding system that interacts with it on a decision-making level (animate/inanimate distinction, living/dead discrimination, death awareness). Theoretically, both systems are governed by specific cognitive mechanisms (perceptual categories, associative concepts and high-order reasoning, respectively). Fifth, we present an evolutionary timeline from rudimentary thanatological responses likely occurring in earlier non-human primates during the Eocene to the more elaborate mortuary practices attributed to genus Homo throughout the Pleistocene. Finally, we discuss the importance of detailed reports on primate thanatology and propose several empirical avenues to shed further light on this topic. This review expands and builds upon previous attempts to evaluate the body of knowledge on this subject, providing an integrative perspective and bringing together different fields of research to detail the evolutionary, sensory/cognitive, developmental and historical/archaeological aspects of primate thanatology. Considering all these findings and given their cognitive abilities, we argue that non-human primates are capable of an implicit awareness of death.

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Section: Primate Thanatology: Contemporary Reportsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Primate Thanatology: a Scattered Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Primate Thanatology: Evolutionary/cognitive Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Death among primates: a critical review of non‐human primate interactions towards their dead and dying

2019

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“…They were housed in same-sex pairs, in three separate home rooms (4 × 3 × 3 m), each containing three or four home-cages (size 1 × 2.3 × 2 m). These home-cages were connected by runways (wire-mesh enclosed structures of 0.23 × 0.23 m cross section and several metres in length) to three indoor rooms (3 × 2.9 × 2.6 m), and each of these was, in turn, connected to an outdoor cage (1.7 × 1.7 × 2.5 m) where the marmosets could receive exposure to sun light and observe activities in the external environment [ 21 ]. Each home-cage was richly furnished with wooden perches, branches of different sizes, hanging objects, tunnels, tyre swings, at least one nest box, and a tray containing a blanket and heat pad.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Calls in Common Marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, and Evidence That One Is Functionally Referential

Rogers

Stewart

Kaplan

2018

Animals

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Simple SummaryWe studied the calls that are made by common marmosets when they see food and when they consume it. They were tested with two types of fruit (banana and blueberries) and two types of insect (live mealworms and crickets). All of these foods elicited Call A, described previously as a food call. Call B was softer and was given more often to crickets. Of particular interest was our discovery of Call C, which was produced when the marmosets discovered insects but not fruit. We showed that Call C has referential meaning, by playing recordings of the call to marmosets when they were eating banana, as follows: on hearing Call C, but not Call A, they stopped eating the banana and went to look in container where they had found insects before. Call C, therefore, has specific meaning, signaling the availability of insect food. All of the calls were produced more frequently when the marmosets were tested alone than when in pairs, indicating that they advertise the availability of food to companions. Call C, at least, is not merely an automatic response reflecting the marmoset’s emotional state. A meaningful call about the discovery of insect food would be essential for survival, since marmosets often forage out of sight of each other. Knowledge of their vocal communication can improve the care of marmosets held in captivity.AbstractWe studied three calls of common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, elicited in the context of food. Call A, but not B or C, had been described previously as a food call. We presented insects (live mealworms or crickets) and fruit (banana or blueberries) and used playbacks of calls. We found that Call C was produced only in response to seeing insects, and not fruit; it consistently signaled the availability of insects (includes mealworms), and more so when this food could be seen but not consumed. Playback of Call C caused the marmosets to stop feeding on a less preferred food (banana) and, instead, go to inspect a location where mealworms had been found previously, providing evidence that it has referential meaning. No such immediate response was elicited on hearing Call A or background noise. Call A differed from C in that it was produced more frequently when the marmosets were consuming the food than when they could only see it, and call A showed no specificity between insects and fruit. Call B was emitted less frequently than the A or C calls and, by the marmosets that were tested alone, most often to crickets. An audience effect occurred, in that all three calls were emitted more often when the marmosets were tested alone than when in pairs. Recognition of the functional significance of marmoset calls can lead to improved husbandry of marmosets in captivity.

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“…Results from mammals studied under laboratory conditions suggest a complicated relationship between stress, scent marking, and cortisol. For example, when housed without access to a preferred outdoor cage, common marmosets exhibited elevations in cortisol and increases in scent marking behavior (rubbing scent glands on the substrate) [51]. In contrast, male Mongolian gerbils exhibited elevated cortisol levels but reduced scent marking (rubbing the ventral gland on the substrate) when subjected to social defeat, a stress paradigm in which a male is repeatedly paired with a dominant male conspecific [52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex of Walker Influences Scent-marking Behavior of Shelter Dogs

McGuire

Fry

Orantes

et al. 2020

Animals

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Interactions with humans influence the behavior and physiology of other animals, and the response can vary with sex and familiarity. Dogs in animal shelters face challenging conditions and although contact with humans typically reduces stress and behaviors associated with stress, evidence indicates that shelter dogs react differently to unfamiliar men and women. Given that some aspects of canine scent-marking behavior change under fearful conditions, we examined whether sex of an unfamiliar walker would influence scent-marking behavior of 100 shelter dogs during leash walks. Male dogs urinated at higher rates when walked by unfamiliar women than when walked by unfamiliar men; female dogs urinated at similar rates when walked by unfamiliar women and unfamiliar men. Sex of walker influenced urinary posture in male dogs, but not in female dogs. Both male and female dogs were more likely to defecate when walked by unfamiliar women than by unfamiliar men. Based on our findings that shelter dogs behave differently in the presence of unfamiliar men and women, we suggest that researchers conducting behavioral studies of dogs record, consider in analyses, and report the sex of observers and handlers as standard practice. We also recommend recording the sex of shelter staff present at behavioral evaluations because the results of these evaluations can impact dog welfare.

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Stress and stress reduction in common marmosets

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

Death among primates: a critical review of non‐human primate interactions towards their dead and dying

Death among primates: a critical review of non‐human primate interactions towards their dead and dying

Food Calls in Common Marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, and Evidence That One Is Functionally Referential

Sex of Walker Influences Scent-marking Behavior of Shelter Dogs

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