Strengthening of a Polymer Interface:  Interdiffusion and Cross-Linking

Aradian, Ashod; Raphaël, Élie; Gennes, P. G. de

doi:10.1021/ma0010581

Cited by 62 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In waterborne systems, the time at which crosslinking occurred in the film formation process has a profound effect on the properties. 8,11,[29][30][31][32][33] To achieve maximum film strength, particles should remain relatively free of crosslinking in the dispersion but undergo extensive crosslinking once they have formed a coating film on the substrate. The evaporating of water from crosslinkable latex is an important factor to determine the changes in viscosity of the wet latex film.…”

Section: Effect Of Cured Temperature On the Keto-hydrazide Crosslinkimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incorporation of crosslinking chemistry is recognized as a particularly effective means to enhance the mechanical strength, chemical stability, and solvent resistance of the coating film. [7][8][9][10][11] Recently, a system based on the reaction of a carbonyl pendant group on the dispersed polymer backbone with a dihydrazide has been increased interest. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] When dihydrazide is incorporated in the aqueous phase of the latex, this keto-hydrazide reaction offers the most striking advantage of fast, ambient-temperature crosslinking in functionalized PAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its control of core‐shell polyacrylate latices at ambient temperature

Zhang

Liu

Huang

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Self crosslinkable core-shell polyacrylate latices (PAs) cured at ambient temperature were synthesized by semicontinuous-seeded emulsion polymerization with diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) and adipic dihydrazide (ADH) as crosslinkable monomers. The influences of DAAM monomer mass content, neutralizer, and curing temperature on the properties of self crosslinkable coreshell latices and the keto-hydrazide crosslinking were discussed. The spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and contact angle instruments were used to determine the structure and properties of PAs. The water evaporating rate during the film-forming process of self crosslinkable core-shell latices was also investigated. FTIR analyses demonstrate that the keto-hydrazide crosslinking reaction does not occur in the latex environment but occurs at ambient temperature with the evaporation of water during the film-forming process. The results of DSC show that the core-shell crosslinkable PAs have two glass transition temperatures (T g ), and T g s of crosslinked film are higher than that of non crosslinked fim. Moreover, the keto-hydrazide reaction is found to be acid catalyzed and favored by the loss of water and the simultaneous decrease in pH arising from the evaporation of ammonia or amines during filmforming process. Hence, in the volatile ammonia or amines neutralized latices, the latex pH value adjusted to 7-8, which not only ensure the crosslinkable latex with good storage stability but also obtain a coating film with excellent performances by introducing the keto-hydrazine crosslinking reaction.

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Section: Effect Of Cured Temperature On the Keto-hydrazide Crosslinkimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its control of core‐shell polyacrylate latices at ambient temperature

Zhang

Liu

Huang

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] When two rubber surfaces are joined above their glass transition temperature, distinct macroscopic interface between the joining pieces slowly disappears with time, and the mechanical strength of the interface progressively increases.…”

Section: ⅰ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autohesion Behavior of Brominated-Isobutylene-Isoprene Gum Nanocomposites with Layered Clay

Mensah¹,

Kim²,

Lee³

et al. 2014

Elastomers and Composites

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ABSTRACT：The effect of nanoclay (Cloisite 20A) on the self-adhesion behavior of uncured brominated-isobutylene-isoprene rubber (BIIR) has been studied. The dispersion state of nanoclay into the rubber matrix was examined by SEM, TEM and XRD analysis. The thermal degradation behavior of the filled and unfilled samples was examined by TGA and improvement in the thermal stability of the nanocomposites occurred based on the weight loss (%) measurements. Also, addition of nanoclay enhanced the cohesive strength of the material by reinforcement action thereby reducing the degree of molecular diffusion across the interface of butyl rubber. However, the average depth of penetration of the inter-diffused chains was still adequate to form entanglement on either side of the interface, and thus offered greater resistance to peeling, resulting in high tack strength measurements. The improvement in tack strength was only achieved at critical nanoclay loading above 8 phr. Contact angle measurement was also made to examine the surface characteristics. There was no significant interfacial property change by employing the nanoclay.

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“…8 -13 A theoretical treatment of the reaction kinetics of a one-component reactive system with an added crosslinking agent was given by Aradian et al 14,15 Their analysis defined a control parameter that relates the speed of the crosslinking reaction to the speed of polymer chain interdiffusion (i.e., a Damkö hler number). Aradian et al 14,15 defined two basic regimes of interest. When is greater than 1, the system is in the fast-reaction regime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the shrinking‐core model for examining the kinetics of film formation in a reactive latex blend

Boyars

Daniels

Klein

2006

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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ABSTRACT:We prepared reactive latex blends from two copolymer latices comprised of n-butyl methacrylate (n-BMA) with acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate and n-BMA/ dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate to study the kinetics of film formation. We generated thin films by blending equal weights of the two latices. The films were then cured at temperatures ranging from 50 to 90°C. The extent of the crosslinking reaction was calculated from the crosslink density, which was determined from swelling measurements of the films in toluene. The shrinking-core model, a diffusion/ reaction model, which was originally derived for combustion reactions of coal particles, was adopted to calculate the diffusion coefficient (D e ) and reaction rate constants from the extent of the reaction with time data. This model system exhibited a diffusion-controlled regime above 70°C and a reaction-controlled regime at temperatures below 70°C. In the reaction-controlled regime, the shrinking-core model predicted D e for the system, which was in agreement with literature values for n-BMA. In the diffusion-controlled regime, the model predicted a lower apparent value for D e but with an activation energy that was close to that obtained for n-BMA. The model was also used to examine the kinetics of the crosslinking reaction. The kinetic rate constants for the crosslinking reaction were also determined. The activation energy for the crosslinking reaction was 18.8 kcal/mol, which compared reasonably with the activation energy of 22.8 kcal/mol determined for the reaction between the functional monomers as small molecules.

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Strengthening of a Polymer Interface: Interdiffusion and Cross-Linking

Cited by 62 publications

References 24 publications

The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its control of core‐shell polyacrylate latices at ambient temperature

The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its control of core‐shell polyacrylate latices at ambient temperature

Autohesion Behavior of Brominated-Isobutylene-Isoprene Gum Nanocomposites with Layered Clay

Evaluation of the shrinking‐core model for examining the kinetics of film formation in a reactive latex blend

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