“…Traditionally, open innovation has been conducted either through collaborations with other organizations such as via alliances, contracted R&D services, licensing agreements, R&D Consortia, supplier collaborations, or university research grants (e.g., Chesbrough & Brunswicker, 2014), or through collaborations with consumers via personal interviews, surveys, or focus groups (e.g., Roberts, Piller, & Lüttgens, 2016). With the advent of digital technologies, open innovation also increasingly builds on dedicated systems, such as supply chain management systems (Rai, Pavlou, Im, & Du, 2012), online innovation toolkits (Piller & Walcher, 2006), online open innovation communities (Bayus, 2013;Dong & Wu, 2015), or online crowdsourcing platforms (Dissanayake, Zhang, Yasar, & Nerur, 2018;Schlagwein & Bjørn-Andersen, 2014), which are purposefully developed and deployed to enable co-creation with external stakeholders.…”