Stereoacuity Norms in Young Children

Stereoacuity and Related Factors: The Shandong Children Eye Study

“…The mean stereoacuity decreased from 29.1 arcsec at 6 years to 23.6 arcsec at 11 years. In agreement with the previous studies, which generally found that the maturation of stereopsis was nearly completed at an age 3 to 5 years and that it reached adult levels between 6 to 9 years of age, we also observed in our study that stereopsis improved from 4 to 7 years and that stereopsis almost reached adult levels between 7 to 9 years of age [ 16 – 22 ]. As a new finding, however, we observed a marked deterioration during early puberty, after which stereopsis improved again to finally reach adult levels ( Fig 4 ).…”

Stereoacuity and Related Factors: The Shandong Children Eye Study

“…The mean stereoacuity decreased from 29.1 arcsec at 6 years to 23.6 arcsec at 11 years. In agreement with the previous studies, which generally found that the maturation of stereopsis was nearly completed at an age 3 to 5 years and that it reached adult levels between 6 to 9 years of age, we also observed in our study that stereopsis improved from 4 to 7 years and that stereopsis almost reached adult levels between 7 to 9 years of age [ 16 – 22 ]. As a new finding, however, we observed a marked deterioration during early puberty, after which stereopsis improved again to finally reach adult levels ( Fig 4 ).…”

Overestimation of stereo thresholds by the TNO stereotest is not due to global stereopsis

“…Our results are in agreement with previous studies comparing performance on TNO and Randot Circles . Stereo threshold estimates from earlier evaluations are presented in Table .…”

“…Our results are in line with previous studies that point to increased threshold estimates and increased variability in TNO compared to Randot Circles, although average threshold estimates differ between the samples. Our average threshold estimate of 118 arcsec with TNO in healthy children aged 4–16 years is slightly higher than reported by Simons (109.9 arcsec in children aged 2–3) and significantly higher than reported by Singh et al . in children and adults aged 6 or older (63 arcsec, unpaired t ‐test: t 125 = 2.37, p = 0.02) .…”

“…Our average threshold estimate of 118 arcsec with TNO in healthy children aged 4–16 years is slightly higher than reported by Simons (109.9 arcsec in children aged 2–3) and significantly higher than reported by Singh et al . in children and adults aged 6 or older (63 arcsec, unpaired t ‐test: t 125 = 2.37, p = 0.02) . Average differences of 30 arcsec between various editions of the TNO have been reported before and have been related to differences in the printing process, however this has not yet been investigated for the 9th and 10th edition of the test that were used in our study .…”

Frisby Davis distance stereoacuity values in visually normal children

“…Stereoacuity arises between 3 months and 5 months of age but does not reach adult levels until around 3-7 years, depending on which test is used, and such challenges are therefore common when testing young children. [15][16][17][18][19] Consistent with this we found that performance on the test was influenced by age-that is, younger children often showed poorer responses at 6 metres but responded well at 3 metres.…”

Stereoacuity and Related Factors: The Shandong Children Eye Study

“…The mean stereoacuity decreased from 29.1 arcsec at 6 years to 23.6 arcsec at 11 years. In agreement with the previous studies, which generally found that the maturation of stereopsis was nearly completed at an age 3 to 5 years and that it reached adult levels between 6 to 9 years of age, we also observed in our study that stereopsis improved from 4 to 7 years and that stereopsis almost reached adult levels between 7 to 9 years of age [ 16 – 22 ]. As a new finding, however, we observed a marked deterioration during early puberty, after which stereopsis improved again to finally reach adult levels ( Fig 4 ).…”

Overestimation of stereo thresholds by the TNO stereotest is not due to global stereopsis

“…Our results are in agreement with previous studies comparing performance on TNO and Randot Circles . Stereo threshold estimates from earlier evaluations are presented in Table .…”

“…Our results are in line with previous studies that point to increased threshold estimates and increased variability in TNO compared to Randot Circles, although average threshold estimates differ between the samples. Our average threshold estimate of 118 arcsec with TNO in healthy children aged 4–16 years is slightly higher than reported by Simons (109.9 arcsec in children aged 2–3) and significantly higher than reported by Singh et al . in children and adults aged 6 or older (63 arcsec, unpaired t ‐test: t 125 = 2.37, p = 0.02) .…”

“…Our average threshold estimate of 118 arcsec with TNO in healthy children aged 4–16 years is slightly higher than reported by Simons (109.9 arcsec in children aged 2–3) and significantly higher than reported by Singh et al . in children and adults aged 6 or older (63 arcsec, unpaired t ‐test: t 125 = 2.37, p = 0.02) . Average differences of 30 arcsec between various editions of the TNO have been reported before and have been related to differences in the printing process, however this has not yet been investigated for the 9th and 10th edition of the test that were used in our study .…”

Frisby Davis distance stereoacuity values in visually normal children

“…Stereoacuity arises between 3 months and 5 months of age but does not reach adult levels until around 3-7 years, depending on which test is used, and such challenges are therefore common when testing young children. [15][16][17][18][19] Consistent with this we found that performance on the test was influenced by age-that is, younger children often showed poorer responses at 6 metres but responded well at 3 metres.…”

Stereoacuity and Related Factors: The Shandong Children Eye Study

“…The mean stereoacuity decreased from 29.1 arcsec at 6 years to 23.6 arcsec at 11 years. In agreement with the previous studies, which generally found that the maturation of stereopsis was nearly completed at an age 3 to 5 years and that it reached adult levels between 6 to 9 years of age, we also observed in our study that stereopsis improved from 4 to 7 years and that stereopsis almost reached adult levels between 7 to 9 years of age [ 16 – 22 ]. As a new finding, however, we observed a marked deterioration during early puberty, after which stereopsis improved again to finally reach adult levels ( Fig 4 ).…”

Overestimation of stereo thresholds by the TNO stereotest is not due to global stereopsis

“…Our results are in agreement with previous studies comparing performance on TNO and Randot Circles . Stereo threshold estimates from earlier evaluations are presented in Table .…”

“…Our results are in line with previous studies that point to increased threshold estimates and increased variability in TNO compared to Randot Circles, although average threshold estimates differ between the samples. Our average threshold estimate of 118 arcsec with TNO in healthy children aged 4–16 years is slightly higher than reported by Simons (109.9 arcsec in children aged 2–3) and significantly higher than reported by Singh et al . in children and adults aged 6 or older (63 arcsec, unpaired t ‐test: t 125 = 2.37, p = 0.02) .…”

“…Our average threshold estimate of 118 arcsec with TNO in healthy children aged 4–16 years is slightly higher than reported by Simons (109.9 arcsec in children aged 2–3) and significantly higher than reported by Singh et al . in children and adults aged 6 or older (63 arcsec, unpaired t ‐test: t 125 = 2.37, p = 0.02) . Average differences of 30 arcsec between various editions of the TNO have been reported before and have been related to differences in the printing process, however this has not yet been investigated for the 9th and 10th edition of the test that were used in our study .…”

Frisby Davis distance stereoacuity values in visually normal children

“…Stereoacuity arises between 3 months and 5 months of age but does not reach adult levels until around 3-7 years, depending on which test is used, and such challenges are therefore common when testing young children. [15][16][17][18][19] Consistent with this we found that performance on the test was influenced by age-that is, younger children often showed poorer responses at 6 metres but responded well at 3 metres.…”