Stereoacuity and Related Factors in Healthy Preschool Children: The Nanjing Eye Study

Han, Song; Zhang, Xiaohan; Zhao, Xiaoyan; Wang, Yue; Hao, Qingfeng; Li, Rui; Huang, Dan; Zhu, Hui; Sun, Qigang; Chen, Ji; Gao, Yan; Li, Meng; Chen, Xuejuan; Hu, Liu

doi:10.1080/09286586.2019.1624782

“…AL is positively correlated with retinal complications of high myopia. Despite the importance of the eye axis, few eye axisbased population studies exist for preschool children [19][20][21][22]. This study involves pediatric ocular biometry measurements such as AL and CR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Refractive Parameters in 3- to 6-Year-Old Children and Its Application in Myopia Prediction and Intervention Guidance

Ya

¹

,

Su

²

,

Liu

³

et al. 2021

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

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Objective. To investigate refractive development and prevalence of myopia in children aged 3-6 years in Hebei Province, China, and to explore the developmental law of refraction, so as to clinically guide the prediction and intervention of myopia. Methods. In May 2019, a total of 6120 people were inspected in 68 kindergartens in 11 cities in Hebei Province. Child refractive refraction was checked under noncycloplegia using a handheld binocular vision screener (SW-800, SUOER, Tianjin, China). Axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CR) were measured using an ocular biometry (IOLMaster 500, Carl Zeiss, Germany). Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent SE ≤ − 0.75 D . Results. A total of 5506 children aged 3-6 years met the criteria and were included in the statistical analysis. The prevalence of myopia was 3.49% (1.93% at age 3, 2.90% at age 4, 3.78% at age 5, and 3.88% at age 6). Overall, the mean SE was + 0.67 ± 1.05 D ( + 0.81 ± 1.00 D at age 3, + 0.79 ± 1.05 D at age 4, + 0.67 ± 1.08 D at age 5, and + 0.13 ± 1.01 D at age 6); the mean CR was 7.76 ± 0.26 mm ( 7.78 ± 0.26 mm at age3, 7.75 ± 0.25 mm at age 4, 7.77 ± 0.26 mm at age 5, and 7.76 ± 0.25 mm at age 6); the mean AL was 22.31 ± 0.73 mm ( 21.98 ± 0.63 mm at age 3, 22.12 ± 0.69 mm at age 4, 22.34 ± 0.73 mm at age 5, and 22.49 ± 0.73 mm at age 6). Conclusions. Prevalence of myopia increases with age in children aged 3-6 years in Hebei, China. With the increase of age, CR is basically stable, and AL increases gradually. AL/CR, which is closely related to SE, can be used as an indicator to predict myopia and guide clinical work.

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“…He et al [9] found that the mean AL of 4-and 5-yearold children in Jiading District in 2017 was 22.16 ± 0.65 mm and 22.32 ± 0.71 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the mean AL of 4-5-year-old children was reported to be 22.30 mm in Nanjing in 2016 [12], and 22.04 ± 0.68 mm in the USA [10]. In addition, the mean AL of 3-4-year-old children was 22.10 ± 0.79 mm in Pudong New District, Shanghai in 2017 [11], and the mean AL of 2-7-year-old children was 22.04 ± 0.92 mm in Korea from 1988 to 1989 [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vision screening is recommended at least once in all children aged 3-5 years old by the US Preventive Services Task Force [6]. Despite the importance of AL, few population-based studies have focused on AL, especially in preschool children [7][8][9][10][11][12]. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the time trend of AL in 4-and 5-year-old children, and to assess potential factors associated with AL in these children in a kindergarten in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019

Li

¹

,

Wan

²

,

Yao

³

et al. 2020

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Purpose To evaluate the time trend of axial length (AL) and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019. Methods This was a 7-year observational study of 985 four-year-old and 1059 five-year-old children in Shanghai. AL, horizontal and vertical corneal curvature, spherical equivalent (SE), and body height and weight were measured. Furthermore, a questionnaire was collected, including time outdoors and bad eyesight habits. Results In 4-year-old children, no significant difference was found in AL (P = 0.526), but significant differences were observed in SE (P = 0.001), horizontal corneal curvature (P = 0.006), vertical corneal curvature (P = 0.004), height (P < 0.001), and weight (P = 0.022) from 2013 to 2019. In 5-year-old children, no significant differences were found in AL (P = 0.304), SE (P = 0.200), or weight (P = 0.292), but significant differences were observed in horizontal corneal curvature (P = 0.040), vertical corneal curvature (P = 0.015), and height (P < 0.001) from 2013 to 2019. Multivariate analyses revealed that AL was mainly significantly associated with boys and time outdoors in the 4- and 5-year-old children. Conclusions The AL of 4- and 5-year-old children remained relatively stable in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the relationship between AL elongation and environmental risk factors.

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“…The NES is an ongoing population-based open cohort study, designed to longitudinally observe the onset and progression of childhood ocular diseases in eastern China [9,[12][13][14][15]. The study was approved by the institutional review board in The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University and was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for astigmatic components and internal compensation: the Nanjing Eye Study

Wang

¹

,

Tong

²

,

Hao

³

et al. 2020

Eye

Self Cite

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Purpose To determine the risk factors for total astigmatism (TA), anterior corneal astigmatism (ACA), and internal compensation in Chinese preschool children. Methods In the population-based Nanjing Eye Study, children were measured for noncycloplegic refractive error and for biometric parameters. Data from questionnaires and measures from right eyes were analyzed for determining risk factors for TA, ACA, and internal compensation from multivariate logistic regression models. Results Of 1327 children (66.8 ± 3.4 months, 53.2% male), older age of the child (OR = 0.95 for per month increase; P = 0.03), older paternal age at child birth (OR = 1.04 for per year increase; P = 0.03), paternal astigmatism (OR = 1.89; P = 0.003), maternal astigmatism (OR = 1.73, P = 0.008), and secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy (OR = 1.64; P = 0.03) were associated with higher risk of TA, while partial breastfeeding (OR = 0.49, P = 0.006) or formula feeding (OR = 0.46, P = 0.003) were associated with lower risk of TA. Larger ratio of axial length to corneal radius (OR = 16.16 for per unit increase; P = 0.001), maternal working during pregnancy (OR = 1.27; P = 0.04), and cesarean delivery (OR = 1.68, P = 0.04) were associated with higher risk of ACA, while formula feeding was associated with lower risk of ACA (OR = 0.57, P = 0.01). Paternal astigmatism (OR = 0.50, P = 0.01) and assisted reproduction (OR = 0.56, P = 0.03) were associated with lower risk of horizontal or vertical internal compensation. More outdoor activity time (OR = 1.15 for per hour increase, P = 0.01) was associated with higher risk of oblique internal compensation while more nighttime sleep on weekends (OR = 0.83 for per hour increase, P = 0.01) was associated with lower risk of oblique internal compensation. Conclusions Our study confirmed some previously reported risk factors and identified some novel risk factors for astigmatism including formula feeding for lower risk of both ACA and TA, and older paternal age at child birth for higher risk of TA.

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Stereoacuity and Related Factors in Healthy Preschool Children: The Nanjing Eye Study

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Development of Refractive Parameters in 3- to 6-Year-Old Children and Its Application in Myopia Prediction and Intervention Guidance

Development of Refractive Parameters in 3- to 6-Year-Old Children and Its Application in Myopia Prediction and Intervention Guidance

Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019

Risk factors for astigmatic components and internal compensation: the Nanjing Eye Study

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