Stem Cells in Dentistry: Types of Intra- and Extraoral Tissue-Derived Stem Cells and Clinical Applications

Abstract

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells, capable of renewing themselves, with the capacity to produce different cell types to regenerate missing tissues and treat diseases. Oral facial tissues have been identified as a source and therapeutic target for stem cells with clinical interest in dentistry. This narrative review report targets on the several extraoral- and intraoral-derived stem cells that can be applied in dentistry. In addition, stem cell origins are suggested in what concerns their ability to differentiate as well as their particular distinguishing quality of convenience and immunomodulatory for regenerative dentistry. The development of bioengineered teeth to replace the patient's missing teeth was also possible because of stem cell technologies. This review will also focus our attention on the clinical application of stem cells in dentistry. In recent years, a variety of articles reported the advantages of stem cell-based procedures in regenerative treatments. The regeneration of lost oral tissue is the target of stem cell research. Owing to the fact that bone imperfections that ensue after tooth loss can result in further bone loss which limit the success of dental implants and prosthodontic therapies, the rehabilitation of alveolar ridge height is prosthodontists' principal interest. The development of bioengineered teeth to replace the patient's missing teeth was also possible because of stem cell technologies. In addition, a “dental stem cell banking” is available for regenerative treatments in the future. The main features of stem cells in the future of dentistry should be understood by clinicians.

Role and application of stem cells in dental regeneration: A comprehensive overview

“…They can differentiate into almost all specific lines. Whereas, ASCs are typically categorized as non-pluripotent cells, instead, as multipotent stem cells that exist in few numbers within adult tissues and are responsible for maintaining tissues healthy and repairing damages by self-regeneration and differentiation into specific cell types (Paz et al, 2018[ 107 ]). ASCs are also known as somatic stem cells or postnatal stem cells and can be isolated from various adult organs, including bone, muscle, skin, nerve, pancreas, heart, and dental tissues (Mahla, 2016[ 74 ]).…”

Selected Nanomaterials’ Application Enhanced with the Use of Stem Cells in Acceleration of Alveolar Bone Regeneration during Augmentation Process

“…Stem cells play vital roles in the repair of every tissue of the organism. They are undifferentiated cells, capable of renewing themselves and, by differentiation, they can be induced to develop into many different cell lineages [ 185 ]. They have been proved to be promising in tissue regeneration, as well as in the augmentation process.…”

“…It includes key elements like extracellular matrix scaffolds and stem cells [ 192 ]. Furthermore, clinical trials about jaw bone regeneration applied in dental areas have demonstrated positive results [ 185 ].…”

Effects of miRNA‐342‐3p in modulating Hedgehog signaling pathway of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells by down‐regulating Sufu

“…Alveolar bone loss is a chronic disease affecting millions of people worldwide, which characterized by osteoporosis, stricken bone strength, and bone tissue degeneration (Paz, Maghaireh, & Mangano, ). There are multiple factors that can lead to alveolar bone resorption, such as tooth extraction or loss due to severe cavities, trauma, root fracture, or periodontal diseases; injury; inflammation; and osteoporosis (Zhang, Wei, Miron, Zhang, & Bian, ).…”

“…Stem cell studies are an up and coming way to mimic physiological processes in osteogenesis and may offer new insight into the fundamental molecular mechanisms. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which is a multipotential differentiation cell type presented in adult bone marrow, are used most extensively in bone regeneration studies (Paz et al, ). However, the harvest procedure of BMSCs is invasively, and their potency is decreased easily because of age and diseases.…”