Stem cell technology for bone regeneration: current status and potential applications

Abstract

Continued improvements in the understanding and application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have revolutionized tissue engineering. This is particularly true within the field of skeletal regenerative medicine. However, much remains unknown regarding the native origins of MSC, the relative advantages of different MSC populations for bone regeneration, and even the biologic safety of such unpurified, grossly characterized cells. This review will first summarize the initial discovery of MSC, as well as the current and future applications of MSC in bone tissue engineering. Next, the relative advantages and disadvantages of MSC isolated from distinct tissue origins are debated, including the MSC from adipose, bone marrow, and dental pulp, among others. The perivascular origin of MSC is next discussed. Finally, we briefly comment on pluripotent stem cell populations and their possible application in bone tissue engineering. While continually expanding, the field of MSC-based bone tissue engineering and regeneration shows potential to become a clinical reality in the not-so-distant future.

Mechanical versus enzymatic isolation of stromal vascular fraction cells from adipose tissue

“…Applications as diverse as myocardial infarction, cosmetic surgery, osteoarthritis and bone regeneration, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic wounds are reported among a myriad of others (Savi et al 2015; Matsumoto et al 2006; Di Rocco et al 2010; Asatrian et al 2015; Nagaishi et al 2015). There is some variation in the number of stem cells present in various donor sites and with donor age (Jurgens et al 2008; Vilaboa et al 2014; Buschmann et al 2013).…”

Calcium-phosphate ceramics and polysaccharide-based hydrogel scaffolds combined with mesenchymal stem cell differently support bone repair in rats

“…Their great potential in regenerative medicine also lies on their in vitro expansion ability as well as their anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties. If the physiology and the differentiation ability of MSCs have been extensively studied in vitro, the fate of these progenitors during in vivo bone metabolism and bone repair processes remains poorly understood [6, 7]. …”

Innovative methods for optimization of bone regeneration: mesenhymal bone cells (part 2) (literature review)

“…В МСК обнаружены рецепторы, чувствительные к факторам роста и цитокинам, что позволяет им получать межклеточные сигналы при аутокринном и паракринном взаимодействии. Кроме того, наличие у МСК специфических молекул адгезии определяет их взаимодействие между собой при культивировании [17][18][19].…”

“…МСК из организма человека и животных выделяют из периферической [25] и пуповинной крови [26], синовиальной мембраны [27], зубной пульпы [28], амниотической жидкости [29], надкостницы [18], мышц [30,31], кровеносных сосудов, лимфоидных органов, кожи, легких [10,17,32] и др. Однако получение МСК из этих источников имеет определенные недостатки: травматичность манипуляции [9,18] и небольшое количество клеток, для увеличения количества которых используют культивирование.…”

“…Для дифференциации клеток в культуру добавляют специальные индукторы. Однако идентификация поверхностных маркеров плазматической мембраны показала, что, несмотря на общие свойства и однородность, полученные клетки экспрессируют специфические гены, четко показывающие, из какой они ткани [8,17,33].…”