Status of coral diseases and compromised health syndromes on Pemuteran shallow reefs, North Bali island

Coral reef conservation in Bali in light of international best practice, a literature review

“…Within Bali, Wickasana (2020) has shown 50% of its corals are in good health, whilst 20% are declining and 30% are poor to multiple threats as highlighted by part 1. Coral bleaching is present on the reefs around Bali (Ampou and Tito 2019;Karim 2019;Suparno et al 2019), but the extent of the bleaching may be less severe than other reefs around the world, especially when compared to reefs like the GBR (Lewis and Mallela 2018).…”

“…Coral diseases also appear to also be widespread across reefs in Indonesia's national marine parks and on its most diverse reefs (Johan et al 2015. They are documented in Bali, on reefs in Buleleng (Karim 2019, Suparno et al 2019 and Nusa Penida (Ampou 2018), although research on this is relatively limited. Most literature on coral disease in Bali/ Indonesia appears to have been undertaken in the past two decades.…”

The outbreak of Drupella snails and its catastrophic effects on coral reefs: a comprehensive review

“…Drupella snails can create feeding scars and disrupt the coral's superficial mucus layer, which can provide an environment conducive to the growth and spread of pathogens that cause diseases (skeletal eroding, band disease) (Lamb et al, 2014). Therefore, the occurrence of Drupella snails has been linked to a number of coral diseases (Widiastuti, 2019), such as white syndrome (Antonius and Riegl, 1998), skeletal eroding band disease and black band disease (Onton et al, 2011), and brown band disease (Nicolet et al, 2013;Nicolet et al, 2018). The gastropod Drupella snails, which feeds on coral, proved to be a highly efficient carrier of brown band disease, as it infected over 40% of the experimental colonies (Nicolet et al, 2013).…”