State of the Art Report on High-Level Waste Tank Closure

Langton, C.A.

doi:10.2172/799385

Cited by 11 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Several review articles (Mattus and Gilliam 1994;Langton et al 2001;Milestone et al 2006), books (Neville 1996;Taylor 1990), and Section 3.0 in the Cast Stone Phase II report (Sundaram et al 2011) provide more details on cement hydration processes and the underlying chemical and physical processes that give Cast Stone and Saltstone their desired properties. These resources can be read to gain a deeper understanding.…”

Section: Waste Form Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One recent article found on the EPA web site suggests that all the ground BFS produced in the United States is being reused in commercial activities, and thus its cost is more expensive than fly ash. Langton et al (2001) reviewed various topics for DOE tank closure that include useful material on cement/grout physical properties and contaminant leach properties, which are also applicable for cementitious waste form production. The down-selection team should use this valuable reference as another resource for the following topics:…”

Section: Cost Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Data Package for Secondary Waste Form Down-Selection—Cast Stone

Serne¹,

Westsik²

2011

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Executive SummaryThe objective of the data packages being generated for four potential waste forms for solidification/ stabilization of Hanford liquid secondary waste streams is to identify, evaluate, and summarize the existing information. This Cast Stone data package includes information available in the open literature and from data obtained from testing currently underway at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). As used at Hanford, the term Cast Stone describes a "grout"-based waste form made predominantly with fly ash and blast furnace slag (BFS) with lesser amounts of Portland cement as the starting dry blend. At Savannah River, this waste form is called Saltstone. The blend of grout reagents in Saltstone has been constant (45 weight percent [wt%] Grade 100 slag cement, 45 wt% Class F fly ash, and 10-wt% Type I/II Portland cement) since the Saltstone Disposal Facility began production in the early 1990s. At Hanford, some cementitious variants to Cast Stone have also been investigated, in which either the fly ash or the BFS is absent or replaced with another material. In this data package, these Cast Stone variants are included for completeness in the review. However, almost all the current Cast Stone waste form testing performed at PNNL uses a dry blend consisting of 47-wt% blast furnace slag (Grade 100), 45-wt% fly ash (Class F), and 8-wt% Portland cement (Type I/II). The sources of the three dry blend ingredients used at Hanford and Savannah River differ and may have subtle impacts on the physical and chemical attributes of the subsequent waste forms. The compositions of the secondary waste simulants used for the PNNL Cast Stone studies also differ from the simulants and actual wastes solidified at Savannah River; although both are caustic-, saline-and sodium-dominated solutions. The Hanford secondary waste simulants anion composition contains much less nitrate/nitrite than the waste streams solidified at Savannah River.Available literature on Cast Stone and Saltstone was reviewed with an emphasis on determining how Cast Stone and related grout waste forms performed in relationship to various criteria that will be used to decide whether a specific type of waste form meets acceptance criteria for disposal in the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) at Hanford. The draft waste acceptance criteria include the following requirements or targets:• acceptable leachate concentrations (less than the Universal Treatment Standards in 40 CFR 268) for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals using the Toxicity Characteristic Leach Procedure (TCLP) leach test• low bleed water criteria (i.e., no bleed water is tolerated after 28 days of curing)• low leachability index (LI) values for sodium (LI>6), technetium-99 (target LI>9) and iodine-129 (target LI>11)• minimum compressive strength of 500 psi (3.45 MPa).Other attributes of the Cast Stone process were compared with additional criteria, such as:• worker and public safety concerns• cost effectiveness versus other candidate waste forms in regard to ...

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Section: Waste Form Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cost Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Package for Secondary Waste Form Down-Selection—Cast Stone

Serne¹,

Westsik²

2011

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“…The high fluidity and self-consolidation properties are important for placement of the grout into the tanks [15]. It ensures that grout, placed through a central riser, will flow out in all directions, reach the walls of the tank, and completely fill the tank without creation of voids.…”

Section: High Flowability and Self-consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is due to the pertechnetate anion (TcO 4 -) which is the stable chemical form of Tc-99 (half-life of 213,000 years) in aerobic conditions and is a highly soluble and mobile species [15,20]. Therefore, the pertechnetate anion can be released from the tank into the environment and be an important contributor to the overall dose at the fence line.…”

Section: Pertechnetate (Tco 4 -)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been known for some time that pertechnetate can be reduced to the immobile Tc(IV) state by using blast furnace slag in grout or concrete mixes [15,21,22]. Shuh et al [23] have used Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) to investigate the oxidation states of technetium and the reduction of pertechnetate by slag in grout mixes as well as the re-oxidation.…”

Section: Reduction and Immobilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Summary of Group Development and Testing for Single Shell Tank Closure at Hanford

Harbour¹

2005

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Early construction and operation of highly contaminated water treatment system in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (I) – Ion exchange properties of KURION herschelite in simulating contaminated water

Tsukada

Uozumi

Hijikata

et al. 2014

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology

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To support the design and operation of the decontamination system using KURION media for the treatment of highly contaminated water accumulated in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry has urgently carried out many kinds of research and development programs to support the operation of the decontamination system using columns filled with three kinds of KURION media (H, AGH and SMZ). Since the contaminated water at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station contained seawater and oil, the effects of sea salt and dissolved oil on Cs adsorption behavior were examined closely by batch type. The concentration of sea salt in the solutions was varied between 0.0 and 3.4 wt%. The Cs adsorption capacity of KURION herschelite in seawater decreased to nearly 1/10th of that in pure water, but it was still concluded that herschelite has sufficient adsorption capacity to remove Cs from the contaminated water. The effect of dissolved oil could be ignored because of its low solubility in seawater. Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm equations, which can be applied for estimating Cs adsorption in sea salt containing water, were developed.

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State of the Art Report on High-Level Waste Tank Closure

Cited by 11 publications

References 66 publications

Data Package for Secondary Waste Form Down-Selection—Cast Stone

Data Package for Secondary Waste Form Down-Selection—Cast Stone

Summary of Group Development and Testing for Single Shell Tank Closure at Hanford

Early construction and operation of highly contaminated water treatment system in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (I) – Ion exchange properties of KURION herschelite in simulating contaminated water

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