State of the art of synthetic threshold scale inhibitors for mineral scaling in the petroleum industry: a review

Mpelwa, Musa; Tang, Shanfa

doi:10.1007/s12182-019-0299-5

Cited by 96 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…(Khan et al 2014) The degree of precipitation of the CaCO 3 is influenced by the parameters like the concentration of the ions responsible for scaling, pH, temperature and pressure. (Mpelwa and Tang 2019) The presence of high amount of concentration of the ions responsible for scaling causes a condition of supersaturation. The rate of precipitation is enhanced with elevated temperature which reduces the solubility of CaCO 3 .…”

Section: Sbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SHMP as Antiscalant for Treating Brackish Water using Reverse Osmosis

Ansari¹

2021

ijSciences

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One of the most genuine issues found in desalination utilizing reverse osmosis (RO) is concentrate or administration of brine. This concentrate can be utilized as a raw material for production of minerals. The antiscalants present in the RO handle ought to be removed after the process of salt crystallization. The precipitation of the amount of sulfate and carbonate from calcium can be modulated by the antiscalants in the process of reverse osmosis. However, the modulation of calcium phosphate has not been highlighted in literature. This gap in the literature instigated us to explore the activity of the antiscalants in the scaling of calcium phosphate in the RO blocks by a mild method. Nowadays, most RO desalination plants are utilizing phosphorus-based antiscalants to prevent scaling and to realize tall layer execution, as measured by diminished transmembrane weight, salt entry, and expanded saturate stream. In any case, phosphorus antiscalants in brine disposal can be an natural issue that ought to be considered and considered when introducing a desalination plant. Sodium Hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is reckoned excellent antiscalant agent which utilizes to deal with scaling in RO films. The sodium hexametaphosphate solution is prepared by mixing in sodium hexametaphosphate vessel and dosed to the feed water through. However, the apparatus containing sodium hexametaphosphate was highly prone to contamination by bacteria. The amount of bacteria within the apparatus after 36 days of makeup was far too high to be analysed as it reached a value of beyond Too Numerous To Count (TNTC). The polyphosphate can be transformed into orthophosphate in presence of sodium hexametaphosphate solution. The conversion is influenced by parameters like temperature, concentration and different nutrients responsible for the growth of microbes. Thus a study was conducted for the detection of free phosphate in a solution of sodium hexametaphosphate. Since hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can be generated in raw water, the use of chlorine was averted completely. The tanks and injection lines containing sodium hexametaphosphate solution was disinfected using sodium metabisulfite (SBS). The optimum concentration of sodium metabisulphate solution required for sterilization along with reducing the formation of the free phosphate was studied. The reaction of the SBS in the apparatus containing sodium hexametaphosphate solution was studied. Furthermore the interaction between the SBS with the sodium hexametaphosphate solution in connection with the Microguard Filter (MGF) influencing the efficacy and output of the RO system was studied.

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Section: Sbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SHMP as Antiscalant for Treating Brackish Water using Reverse Osmosis

Ansari¹

2021

ijSciences

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“…Other than these, the renewable, biodegradable, relatively cheap, ecologically acceptable, and readily and sustainably available green scale inhibitors have been widely used to prevent, control, and retard the formation of scales. However, the biodegradability components of those green scale materials limit their enduring applications [167]. Still, there is a lot more to explore to find a scale inhibitor that exhibits acceptable biodegradable properties, is green, non-toxic, and cost-effective and does not pose any threat to the environment and the ecosystem.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Green Scale Inhibitors: Process, Types, Mechanism and Properties

Mazumder

2020

Coatings

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In the present time, more often, it has been seen that scaling has grown as widely and caused problems in the oilfield industry. Scaling is the deposition of various salts of inorganic/organic materials due to the supersaturation of salt-water mixtures. Many works have been proposed by researchers using different methods to solve the problem, of which scale inhibition is one of them. The scale inhibitors, particularly for antiscaling, have derived from natural and synthetic polymers. Among different polymers, inorganic and organic compounds (polyphosphates, carboxylic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), etc.) can effectively manage the oilfield scales of which many are toxic and expansive. Scale inhibitors of alkaline earth metal carbonate and sulfates and transition metal sulfide are commonly used in oilfield applications. Scale inhibition of metallic surfaces is an essential activity in technical, environmental, economic, and safety purposes. Scale inhibitors containing phosphorus appear to have significant achievements in the inhibition process despite its toxicity. However, phosphorus-based inhibitors can serve as supplements prompting eutrification difficulties. Besides these increasing environmental concerns, green scale inhibitors are renewable, biodegradable, and ecologically acceptable that has been used to prevent, control, and retard the formation of scale. Considering the facts, this review article summarized the concept of scale, various green scale inhibitors, types, mechanisms, comparative performance, significance, and future aspects of green scale inhibitors, which will shed light and be helpful for the professionals working in the oil and gas industries.

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“…In most cases, the scale is caused by the formation of calcium and strontium carbonate and sulfate salts [1]. The consequences of scale deposition can be delayed production, failure of production equipment, unscheduled shutdowns, increased maintenance costs and decreased production efficiency [2]. Scale deposits could also plug the pores of the formation in injection wells, resulting in injectivity decline [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scales commonly found in the deposit are carbonates [1,4]. While the formation of carbonate incrustations is associated with changes in pressure and temperature that favor precipitation of salts present in the water, the appearance of sulfate incrustations is mainly due to the mixing of incompatible waters to maintain pressure or to flooding strategies [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Carboxymethyl Chitosan on Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Synthetic Brines

Bolívar

Colina²,

Delgado

et al. 2021

J. Mex. Chem. Soc.

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Abstract. When oil production by natural flow of reservoirs decreases, it is necessary to increase the production by using improved recovery processes, such as water injection. Injection of incompatible water can cause the formation of saline deposits of calcium and magnesium carbonates. The use of chemical inhibitors to treat incrustations involves the use of chemicals with functional groups such as carboxylic acids (R-COOH) or phosphonates (R-PO32-). A new ecological scale inhibitor, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC1), has been synthesized and its capacity to modify the CaCO3 crystalline phases obtained in the solid residue was compared with that obtained when using a commercial carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC2) and a commercial poly(acrylic acid). The results show that under the used conditions, the CMC´s produce a slightly larger amount of crystalline phases than the synthetic inhibitor. Using the X-ray powder diffraction technique, calcite, vaterite, and aragonite were identified in the residual solid. The ratio of these phases was modified by increasing the concentration of the inhibitor. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), it was observed that increasing the concentration of the CMC's the modifies the crystal´s morphology from plates to spheres. Resumen. Cuando la producción de petróleo por flujo natural disminuye, es necesario aumentar la producción de petróleo crudo y gas mediante procesos de recuperación mejorados. El agua es el líquido que se inyecta y puede provocar la formación de depósitos salinos de carbonato de calcio y magnesio. El uso de inhibidores químicos para el tratamiento de incrustaciones implica el empleo de productos químicos con grupos funcionales del tipo ácido carboxílico (R-COOH) o grupos fosfonatos (R-PO32-). Se sintetizó un nuevo inhibidor de incrustaciones ambientalmente amigable en base a carboximetilquitosano (CMC1), y se compararon las fases cristalinas de CaCO3 obtenidas en el residuo sólido con las obtenidas al utilizar un carboximetilquitosano comercial (CMC2) y un poli (ácido acrílico) comercial. Los resultados muestran que, en las condiciones utilizadas, las CMC producen una cantidad ligeramente mayor de fases cristalinas en comparación con el inhibidor sintético. Mediante la técnica de difracción de rayos X de polvos, en el sólido residual se identificaron las fases: Calcita, Vaterita y Aragonita. La relación de las fases se modificó aumentando la concentración del inhibidor. Mediante Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (SEM) de los residuos sólidos, se observó que al aumentar la concentración de las CMC's la morfología de los cristales se modificaba de placas a esferas.

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State of the art of synthetic threshold scale inhibitors for mineral scaling in the petroleum industry: a review

Cited by 96 publications

References 110 publications

SHMP as Antiscalant for Treating Brackish Water using Reverse Osmosis

SHMP as Antiscalant for Treating Brackish Water using Reverse Osmosis

A Review of Green Scale Inhibitors: Process, Types, Mechanism and Properties

The Effect of Carboxymethyl Chitosan on Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Synthetic Brines

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