Stabilized High Clay Content Lateritic Soil Using Cement-FGD Gypsum Mixtures for Road Subbase Applications

Maichin, Phattharachai; Jitsangiam, Peerapong; Nongnuang, Toon; Boonserm, Kornkanok; Nusit, Korakod; Pra-ai, Suriyavut; Binaree, Theechalit; Aryupong, Chuchoke

doi:10.3390/ma14081858

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…The aggregation of the soil particles forms a rough surface, resulting in a well interlocking condition between soil aggregates. The obtained microstructure results in the current research are consistent with previously researched papers [57,68,76,92,93]. The obtained result of the EDX experiment is illustrated in Figure 11.…”

Section: Microstructural and Chemical Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 91%

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Characterization of lateritic soil based on literature and lab testing

Roshan

Hezmi

Rashid

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Lateritic soil resulting from weathering, particularly the chemical weathering process of rocks, is found widely in tropical and subtropical countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Brazil. The characteristics of this residual soil depend on many factors, including weathering degree, chemical compositions, and laterization degree, indicating their varying properties from one place to another. Thus, it is essential to explore their characteristics before using them as a construction material for a particular structure. In this paper, a lateritic soil sampled from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has been explored in terms of grain size distribution (GSD), Atterberg limits, specific gravity, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), unconsolidated undrained (UU) test, FESEM, and EDX. The obtained results indicated that the soil is classified as plastic silt (MH) and A-7-5 according to USCS and AASHTO methods, respectively. The optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) were obtained 28 % and 1.39 g/cm3, respectively, based on the standard compaction method. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) is 200.75 kPa, whereas, in the unconsolidated undrained (UU) test, the deviator stress is equal to 449.4 kPa, 529.3 kPa, and 674 kPa for 50, 100, and 200 kPa, respectively. The total friction angle and undrained cohesion are 25.69° and 115.82 kPa, respectively. According to the FESEM results, the matrix microstructure was detected for the soil. The O, Al, Si, and Fe were detected as primary chemical elements in the soil. The results of this study can help the practitioners to classify the laterite soil and decide based on its characteristics.

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Section: Microstructural and Chemical Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In regard to Figure 3, the soil used in this study is a fine-grained lateritic soil similar to that used by previous studies [34,54,[56][57][58][59][60]. Contrary to the results obtained in this study, the results of research carried out by [32,61] revealed a coarse-grained lateritic soil, as seen in Figure 3.…”

Section: Grain Size Distribution (Gsd)supporting

confidence: 59%

Characterization of lateritic soil based on literature and lab testing

Roshan

Hezmi

Rashid

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…This low compressive strength indicates that WFGD gypsum has a very low reactivity at ambient temperature. Nevertheless, the slight strength improvement is related to hydration with C-S-H and ettringite formation in the binder matrix [48,49]. The optimum UCS of the WFGD gypsum is 53% greater than that recorded in the study by Liu et al [50].…”

Section: Effect Of Curing Time Ucsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Physical, Chemical and Geotechnical Characterization of Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum and Its Potential Application as Building Materials

et al. 2021

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In South Africa, coal represents the primary source of energy used for electricity generation. Coal power plants use the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) process to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) from their flue gas. However, this technology produces a large amount of synthetic gypsum, resulting in waste disposal and environmental pollution. This study investigated the physical, chemical and geotechnical properties of WFGD gypsum and its potential application to develop cement-free bricks. WFGD gypsum was collected from a coal power plant in South Africa. It was found that the principal oxides of WFGD gypsum were sulfur trioxide (SO3) and calcium oxide (CaO), which represented more than 90% of the total weight. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) and calcium di aluminate (CA2) were the predominant minerals in the raw material. The density of the WFGD gypsum was 2.43 g/cm3. The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content values were 1425 kg/m3 and 18.5%, respectively. WFGD gypsum had a liquid limit of 51% but did not display any plasticity characteristics. The optimum curing temperature of gypsum bricks was 40 °C. WFGD gypsum-based bricks exhibited compressive strength of up to 2.3 MPa and a density of about 28% less than that of typical clay bricks. Additionally, there was no significant decrease in compressive strength after seven wet/dry cycles. These results show that WFGD gypsum could be used to produce lightweight building materials with low strength requirements.

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“…Thus, an increase in strength such as UCS resulting from curing time is attributed to the pozzolanic reaction and cementitious hydration processes [36]. Being activation of chemical reactions in the soil can be perceived through strength development with curing time so that when there is no strength gain with curing time, the chemical reaction is passive [64]. Moreover, the pH of soil increases in the existence of OH − (alkalinity increases), resulting in strong and lasting pozzolanic reaction and cementitious hydration in which the Ca +2 provided by cement enters to chemical reaction with Si an Al of soil.…”

Section: Unconfined Compressive Strength (Ucs) and Durabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of cement stabilised residual soil on macro- and micro-scale for road construction

et al. 2022

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Lateritic soil is a kind of residual soil widespread in tropical countries. This soil usually possesses acceptable engineering properties to be laid under the construction projects. However, it needs treatment for transportation infrastructure such as railway and road subgrade and embankment, particularly when it is in fine-grained form. Thus, cement, one of the very common stabiliser agents in soil stabilisation, was selected to study its influence on lateritic soil at macro- and micro-levels. In order to achieve this goal, UCS, durability, FESEM and EDX tests were conducted. The results obtained indicate that the UCS increase occurs with an increase in cement content and curing time. It was also found that the shear modulus increases with cement content and curing time. The durability test results disclosed that 3% cement is not enough for soil stabilisation when used for projects in the areas subjected to cyclic wetting-drying cycles. The durability test results revealed that the UCS decreased for specimens treated with 6% cement, while on the other hand, the UCS increased for samples treated with 9% and 12% cement. The FESEM results revealed that the soil micro-structure changed with the addition of cement and curing time. The EDX results presented the chemical elements change upon adding cement and increasing curing time. Overall, it was found that cement-stabilised residual soil can be used for road construction. However, the cement percentage needed to stabilise residual soil differs depending on the standards.

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Stabilized High Clay Content Lateritic Soil Using Cement-FGD Gypsum Mixtures for Road Subbase Applications

Cited by 25 publications

References 56 publications

Characterization of lateritic soil based on literature and lab testing

Characterization of lateritic soil based on literature and lab testing

Physical, Chemical and Geotechnical Characterization of Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum and Its Potential Application as Building Materials

Evaluation of cement stabilised residual soil on macro- and micro-scale for road construction

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