St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Disease in the United States, 2003–2017

Curren, Emily J; Lindsey, Nicole P.; Fischer, Marc; Hills, Susan L.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0420

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Unfortunately, it is not possible to control for changes in the case definition of WNV disease; however, our ability to predict and estimate the risk of WNV transmission to humans will continue to improve as more years of data accumulate in these databases. Some limitations and biases in passive infectious disease surveillance have already been extensively discussed elsewhere [74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82]. Unlike active WNV blood donor surveillance, in which all blood donations are screened for WNV, passive surveillance of patients with symptomatic WNV depends on care availability and provider recognition, yielding a difficult to define epidemiologic sampling frame.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile virus in California, 2003–2018: A persistent threat

et al. 2020

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The California Arbovirus Surveillance Program was initiated over 50 years ago to track endemic encephalitides and was enhanced in 2000 to include West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans, mosquitoes, sentinel chickens, dead birds and horses. This comprehensive statewide program is a function of strong partnerships among the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), the University of California, and local vector control and public health agencies. This manuscript summarizes WNV surveillance data in California since WNV was first detected in 2003 in southern California. From 2003 through 2018, 6,909 human cases of WNV disease, inclusive of 326 deaths, were reported to CDPH, as well as 730 asymptomatic WNV infections identified during screening of blood and organ donors. Of these, 4,073 (59.0%) were reported as West Nile neuroinvasive disease. California’s WNV disease burden comprised 15% of all cases that were reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during this time, more than any other state. Additionally, 1,299 equine WNV cases were identified, along with detections of WNV in 23,322 dead birds, 31,695 mosquito pools, and 7,340 sentinel chickens. Annual enzootic detection of WNV typically preceded detection in humans and prompted enhanced intervention to reduce the risk of WNV transmission. Peak WNV activity occurred from July through October in the Central Valley and southern California. Less than five percent of WNV activity occurred in other regions of the state or outside of this time. WNV continues to be a major threat to public and wild avian health in California, particularly in southern California and the Central Valley during summer and early fall months. Local and state public health partners must continue statewide human and mosquito surveillance and facilitate effective mosquito control and bite prevention measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile virus in California, 2003–2018: A persistent threat

et al. 2020

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“…Any inflammation or pathology that also involves the parenchyma is referred to as meningoencephalitis. "Neurotropic" (i.e., able to reach the CNS) arboviruses are classically associated with encephalitis [63,78,[85][86][87] but can also cause meningitis, for instance in infections by St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) [88], tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV) [89], DENV [90], WNV [91], CHIKV [92], ZIKV, Powassan virus (POWV), and Eastern Equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) [93]. During Toscana virus meningitis, serum levels of IFN-α, IP-10, and eotaxin are significantly increased in the acute phase of infection in comparison with healthy controls [94], which could participate to an ensuing CNS infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, and antiviral CD8 + lymphocytes.…”

Section: Arboviral Infections and Neuroinflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive impacts of arbovirus infections

Clé

Eldin

Briant

et al. 2020

J Neuroinflammation

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Arthropod-borne viruses or arbovirus, are most commonly associated with acute infections, resulting on various symptoms ranging from mild fever to more severe disorders such as hemorrhagic fever. Moreover, some arboviral infections can be associated with important neuroinflammation that can trigger neurological disorders including encephalitis, paralysis, ophthalmological impairments, or developmental defects, which in some cases, can lead to long-term defects of the central nervous system (CNS). This is well illustrated in Zika virus-associated congenital brain malformations but also in West Nile virus-induced synaptic dysfunctions that can last well beyond infection and lead to cognitive deficits. Here, we summarize clinical and mechanistic data reporting on cognitive disturbances triggered by arboviral infections, which may highlight growing public health issues spanning the five continents.

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“…mosquitoes and passeriform and columbiform birds. While SLEV infections are non-fatal in birds, spillover into humans [1] and horses [2] can result in significant and sometimes fatal neurological disease. The genome of SLEV is encoded by a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome consisting of one open reading frame (ORF) and non-coding regions at the 5' and 3' ends.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Endemic activity in the absence of outbreaks also has been reported in Florida (FL) [13], Texas (TX) [14] and California (CA) [15][16][17] from 1933 to 2003 (reviewed in [18]). Following the first detection of West Nile virus (WNV, also a flavivirus) in the Americas in 1999, SLEV activity was significantly reduced throughout the US [1]. In CA, SLEV was not detected after 2003, the year WNV was first detected in CA, until 2015 when SLEV-positive mosquito pools and sentinel chickens were detected in Coachella Valley in Riverside County, CA [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Movement of St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Western United States, 2014- 2018

et al. 2020

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St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a flavivirus that circulates in an enzootic cycle between birds and mosquitoes and can also infect humans to cause febrile disease and sometimes encephalitis. Although SLEV is endemic to the United States, no activity was detected in California during the years 2004 through 2014, despite continuous surveillance in mosquitoes and sentinel chickens. In 2015, SLEV-positive mosquito pools were detected in Maricopa County, Arizona, concurrent with an outbreak of human SLEV disease. SLEV-positive mosquito pools were also detected in southeastern California and Nevada in summer 2015. From 2016 to 2018, SLEV was detected in mosquito pools throughout southern and central California, Oregon, Idaho, and Texas. To understand genetic relatedness and geographic dispersal of SLEV in the western United States since 2015, we sequenced four historical genomes (3 from California and 1 from Louisiana) and 26 contemporary SLEV genomes from mosquito pools from locations across the western US. Bayesian phylogeographic approaches were then applied to map the recent spread of SLEV. Three routes of SLEV dispersal in the western United States were identified: Arizona to southern California, Arizona to Central California, and Arizona to all locations east of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Given the topography of the Western United States, these routes may have been limited by mountain ranges that influence the movement of avian reservoirs and mosquito vectors, which probably represents the primary mechanism of SLEV dispersal. Our analysis detected repeated SLEV introductions from Arizona into southern California and limited evidence of year-to-year persistence of genomes of the same ancestry. By contrast, genetic tracing suggests that all SLEV activity since 2015 in central California is the result of a single persistent SLEV introduction. The identification of natural barriers that influence SLEV dispersal enhances our understanding of arbovirus ecology in the western United States and may also support regional public health agencies in implementing more targeted vector mitigation efforts to protect their communities more effectively.

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St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Disease in the United States, 2003–2017

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

West Nile virus in California, 2003–2018: A persistent threat

West Nile virus in California, 2003–2018: A persistent threat

Neurocognitive impacts of arbovirus infections

Movement of St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Western United States, 2014- 2018

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