SPINA BIFIDA<subtitle>Survey of Two Hundred Twenty-Five Encephaloceles, Meningoceles, and Myelomeningoceles</subtitle>

Cranium Bifidum. Investigation, Prognosis and Management

“…The incidence of associated congenital abnormalities is also reported to be higher in cranium bifidum than in spina bifida (Schwidde, 1952;Cohn and Hamby, 1953), but in our series, although associated congenital abnormalities of the brain are numerous, extracranial abnormalities were unexpectedly rare.…”

“…Many reported series leave the reader in doubt about the mentality of the survivors, but it is clear that there is a high incidence of severe mental disability, certainly higher than with spina bifida (Schwidde, 1952). Ingraham and Swan (1943), and others since, have found that occipital lesions carry the worst prognosis because of the frequency of associated hydrocephalus, but it seems likely that this opinion needs some qualification now that the operation of ventriculoatrial shunt permits efficient treatment in most cases of hydrocephalus.…”

Cranium Bifidum. Investigation, Prognosis and Management

“…The incidence of associated congenital abnormalities is also reported to be higher in cranium bifidum than in spina bifida (Schwidde, 1952;Cohn and Hamby, 1953), but in our series, although associated congenital abnormalities of the brain are numerous, extracranial abnormalities were unexpectedly rare.…”

“…Many reported series leave the reader in doubt about the mentality of the survivors, but it is clear that there is a high incidence of severe mental disability, certainly higher than with spina bifida (Schwidde, 1952). Ingraham and Swan (1943), and others since, have found that occipital lesions carry the worst prognosis because of the frequency of associated hydrocephalus, but it seems likely that this opinion needs some qualification now that the operation of ventriculoatrial shunt permits efficient treatment in most cases of hydrocephalus.…”

The Natural History of Spina Bifida Cystica: Detailed Analysis of 407 Cases

“…The difficulty of diagnosing a meningocele with certainty is remarked on by several authors and is probably reflected by the great variation in the incidence quoted, varying from 29 % (Ingraham and Matson, 1954), and 28% (Fisher, Uihlein and Keith, 1952) and 27% (Schwidde, 1952) to 9 Y. in the present investigation and about 4 % in the Sheffield series (W. J. W. Sharrard, 1963, personal communication). The criteria for making the diagnosis vary considerably from those where a meningocele is diagnosed only after extensive clinical and pathological study, to a diagnosis of exclusion and only cases that have no hydrocephalus or no neurological deficit falling into that category (Ingraham and Swan, 1943).…”

Surgical Management of Encephaloceles

“…1-4 In respect to the incidence, cranial dysraphism, particularly encephaloceles, is far less common compared to its spinal counterpart, namely, myelomeningocele, accounting for only 8-19% of all dysraphism. [4][5][6][7][8][9] In this retrospective review, we present our experience in a consecutive series of 16 patients managed successfully in our institution.…”

Cranium Bifidum. Investigation, Prognosis and Management

“…The incidence of associated congenital abnormalities is also reported to be higher in cranium bifidum than in spina bifida (Schwidde, 1952;Cohn and Hamby, 1953), but in our series, although associated congenital abnormalities of the brain are numerous, extracranial abnormalities were unexpectedly rare.…”

“…Many reported series leave the reader in doubt about the mentality of the survivors, but it is clear that there is a high incidence of severe mental disability, certainly higher than with spina bifida (Schwidde, 1952). Ingraham and Swan (1943), and others since, have found that occipital lesions carry the worst prognosis because of the frequency of associated hydrocephalus, but it seems likely that this opinion needs some qualification now that the operation of ventriculoatrial shunt permits efficient treatment in most cases of hydrocephalus.…”

The Natural History of Spina Bifida Cystica: Detailed Analysis of 407 Cases

“…The difficulty of diagnosing a meningocele with certainty is remarked on by several authors and is probably reflected by the great variation in the incidence quoted, varying from 29 % (Ingraham and Matson, 1954), and 28% (Fisher, Uihlein and Keith, 1952) and 27% (Schwidde, 1952) to 9 Y. in the present investigation and about 4 % in the Sheffield series (W. J. W. Sharrard, 1963, personal communication). The criteria for making the diagnosis vary considerably from those where a meningocele is diagnosed only after extensive clinical and pathological study, to a diagnosis of exclusion and only cases that have no hydrocephalus or no neurological deficit falling into that category (Ingraham and Swan, 1943).…”

Surgical Management of Encephaloceles

“…1-4 In respect to the incidence, cranial dysraphism, particularly encephaloceles, is far less common compared to its spinal counterpart, namely, myelomeningocele, accounting for only 8-19% of all dysraphism. [4][5][6][7][8][9] In this retrospective review, we present our experience in a consecutive series of 16 patients managed successfully in our institution.…”

Cranium Bifidum. Investigation, Prognosis and Management

“…The incidence of associated congenital abnormalities is also reported to be higher in cranium bifidum than in spina bifida (Schwidde, 1952;Cohn and Hamby, 1953), but in our series, although associated congenital abnormalities of the brain are numerous, extracranial abnormalities were unexpectedly rare.…”

“…Many reported series leave the reader in doubt about the mentality of the survivors, but it is clear that there is a high incidence of severe mental disability, certainly higher than with spina bifida (Schwidde, 1952). Ingraham and Swan (1943), and others since, have found that occipital lesions carry the worst prognosis because of the frequency of associated hydrocephalus, but it seems likely that this opinion needs some qualification now that the operation of ventriculoatrial shunt permits efficient treatment in most cases of hydrocephalus.…”

The Natural History of Spina Bifida Cystica: Detailed Analysis of 407 Cases

“…The difficulty of diagnosing a meningocele with certainty is remarked on by several authors and is probably reflected by the great variation in the incidence quoted, varying from 29 % (Ingraham and Matson, 1954), and 28% (Fisher, Uihlein and Keith, 1952) and 27% (Schwidde, 1952) to 9 Y. in the present investigation and about 4 % in the Sheffield series (W. J. W. Sharrard, 1963, personal communication). The criteria for making the diagnosis vary considerably from those where a meningocele is diagnosed only after extensive clinical and pathological study, to a diagnosis of exclusion and only cases that have no hydrocephalus or no neurological deficit falling into that category (Ingraham and Swan, 1943).…”

Surgical Management of Encephaloceles

“…1-4 In respect to the incidence, cranial dysraphism, particularly encephaloceles, is far less common compared to its spinal counterpart, namely, myelomeningocele, accounting for only 8-19% of all dysraphism. [4][5][6][7][8][9] In this retrospective review, we present our experience in a consecutive series of 16 patients managed successfully in our institution.…”