The plasmon is a quasiparticle that is related, on the one hand, to the electronic properties of the metal, since it is considered a collective oscillation of the free electrons inside the metal or at the interface between a metal and a dielectric material, and, on the other hand, to the optical properties of the metal since the plasmon can be excited by the interaction with a photon. In order to understand the plasmon and its characteristics, it is important to consider both properties and their relationship. Thus, we will first start with the description of such properties and then present the different types of plasmon and their properties.
Electrical Conductivity in MetalFree electrons inside a metal essentially govern the electrical conductivity, and the large values reached by this latter parameter are essentially due to the high mobility of these free electrons. They are located in the conduction band of the metal and are weakly bound to the metal atoms. The metal can then be described as an array of positively charged ions (metal atoms including the atomic nucleus and some but not all electrons involved in the atomic bounds; these latter electrons are then located in the valence bands) surrounded by a gas of free electrons, negatively charged. Taking into account such specificities, several models have been proposed to be able to explain the electronic properties of the metal. These models are based on the determination of the conductivity of the metal but also of specific interactions of the electron with their material environment. The conductivity, , can be defined as the capability of a material to produce an electrical current under the excitation of an external electric field (constant or alternative). It is then defined as the coefficient that relied on the current density, J, and the external electric field, E, such as:This relation is known as the local Ohm law. Since J and E are vectorial quantities, can be a tensor.Molecular Plasmonics, First Edition. Wolfgang Fritzsche and Marc Lamy de la Chapelle.