Spectrophotometric Determination of Nicotine

Willits, C. O.; Swain, Margaret L.; Connelly, J.A.; Brice, B. A.

doi:10.1021/ac60039a013

Cited by 114 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…On completion of smoking, the trap was allowed to attain room temperature, condensed smoke was washed from the trap with acetone (about 300 ml. ), the washings filtered through glass wool and an aliquot taken to check non-volatile whole smoke yield by determination of nicotine by the method of Willits, Swain and Connelly (1950) Application of materials to the skin Condensates were applied by means of a foot operated automatic pipette, delivering a volume of 0*3 ml. to an area of dorsal skin 1-5 cm.…”

Section: Smoking Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of the comparative carcinogenicity of cigarette and cigar smoke condensate on mouse skin.

Davies¹,

Day²

1969

Br J Cancer

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A PREVIOUS publication from these Laboratories (Day, 1967) reported the carcinogenic action to mouse skin of cigarette smoke condensate applied either as 24 hour condensate, stored condensate or the neutral fraction from stored condensate. The work now reported is a comparison of the specific mouse skin carcinogenicity of smoke condensates prepared from small cigars, cigarettes manufactured from cigar tobacco, and cigarettes manufactured from flue-cured tobacco.Previous studies reported by other workers (Croninger et al., 1958, Kensler, 1962, Homburger et al., 1963 using tobacco products commercially available in the United States at that time, have suggested a greater carcinogenic activity of smoke condensate from cigars than smoke condensate from cigarettes manufactured from blends containing both air and flue-cured tobacco, but statistically significant differences have not been obtained. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cigars (C1)Small cigars (length 83 mm., circumference 33-7 mm., average weight 1 86 g.) were specially manufactured from a composite blend of cigar tobacco representing small cigar brands smoked in the United Kingdom. The filler was granulated tobacco and the wrapper and binder natural leaf. Cigars were wrapped individually in cellophane and packed in batches of five in cardboard cartons which were also wrapped in cellophane and stored at 210 C. and controlled humidity of 60% R.H. before use.Cigarettes (cigar tobacco) (C2) Cigarettes (length 70 mm., circumference 2561 mm., average weight 0*94 g.) were specially manufactured from the same tobacco as used for the cigars described above but instead of being granulated, the tobacco was shredded at 50 cuts per inch and wrapped in normal cigarette paper. They were packed in batches of 50 in vacuum-sealed tins and stored at 40 C. before use. Control cigarettes (T4)Plain cigarettes (length 70 mm., circumference 25-3 mm., average weight 1-09 g.) were specially manufactured from a composite blend of flue-cured tobacco representing the major plain cigarette brands smoked in the United Kingdom, packed in batches of 50 in vacuum-sealed tins and stored at 40 C. before use.

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Section: Smoking Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of the comparative carcinogenicity of cigarette and cigar smoke condensate on mouse skin.

Davies¹,

Day²

1969

Br J Cancer

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“…Determination of nicotine content was conducted according to Willits et al (1950). The total protein content was determined by a total protein quantitative assay kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium reduces cadmium accumulation and alleviates cadmium-induced quality degradation in tobacco

Liu¹,

Xue²,

Shang³

et al. 2015

Plant Soil Environ.

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A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using two contrasting tobacco cultivars Guiyan1 (Cd-sensitive) and Yunyan2 (Cd-tolerant) to evaluate the effect of external selenium (Se) on Cd-induced degradation of tobacco quality. Results showed that 3 mg/kg Cd reduced K, Mg, Mn, and Zn contents, but increased Cd, P, Ca, Fe contents in both cultivars. Addition of Se in Cd solution (Cd + Se) dramatically alleviated Cd-deteriorate effects on tobacco quality, markedly reduced Cd concentration, but increased Se and K contents in tobacco leaves compared with Cd alone treatment. Exogenous Se counteracted Cd-induced alterations in carbohydrate, e.g. it significantly depressed Cd-induced increase in total/reducing sugar, and sucrose contents, but elevated the reduced starch content. Furthermore, Se significantly depressed the elevated ratios in reducing sugar/total nitrogen, total sugar/total protein and reducing sugar/nicotine, but elevated total nitrogen/nicotine, which returned near to their control levels.

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“…Nicotine determination.-Nicotine content of condensates were determined by the method of Willits et al (1950), as modified by Laurene and Harrell (1958).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Effects of Altering the Tar/Nicotine Ratio in Experimental Tobacco Carcinogenesis

Davies¹,

Whitehead²

1970

Br J Cancer

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SUMMARY.-There was no statistically significant difference in specific mouse skin carcinogenicity between smoke condensate from plain, flue-cured tobacco cigarettes with a normal tar to nicotine ratio and condensate from filter-tip cigarettes made from selected flue-cured tobaccos with a reduced tar to nicotine ratio.NUMEROUS mouse skin painting experiments with tobacco smoke condensate have repeatedly demonstrated a relationship between weight of condensate applied and the tumour response (Wynder et al., 1953;Day, 1967). This observation is consistent with conclusions reached from human epidemiological evidence that the risk of developing lung cancer increases with the duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (Best, Josie and Walker, 1960; Doll and Hill, 1954, 1956). If this risk is associated wholly with the particulate phase of smoke, although at present there is no evidence to support this belief, then reduction in the tar and nicotine yields of cigarettes would be desirable and can be achieved by the use of an efficient filter. Such reductions would only be useful provided the smoker did not increase his daily consumption of these cigarettes, or change his smoking habits in order, possibly, to restore his intake of nicotine to the level to which he had become accustomed.It is believed that, particularly in the inhaling tobacco smoker, nicotine plays an important role, although the mode of action remains unknown. Subjective evidence is offered by smokers, who claim to feel tranquillized or stimulated after smoking a cigarette and there is pharmacological evidence that changes in motor activity and electroencephalogram recordings which follow the administration of nicotine to rats, may be interpreted as being consistent with these claims in man (Armitage, Hall and Morrison, 1968).It is possible by a combination of selected tobacco blends and a filter to produce cigarette smoke with a satisfactory nicotine content to the smoker but with a reduced tar yield, which would fulfil the objectives mentioned earlier, provided that its carcinogenicity was not increased.The work now reported was undertaken to determine whether there was any significant difference in specific mouse skin carcinogenicity between flue-curedt * The term " tar " is used in this paper as an alternative to the more scientifically correct term "total particulate matter ." t Flue-cured refers to an example of a method of curing tobacco leaf. The leaves are hung in wholly enclosed barns. The curing process is carried out by conveying heat through sheet-iron flues running across the floor. No smoke comes into contact with the leaves. The process takes about 4 days and the doors of the barns are then opened and the cured leaf is allowed to soften by absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. R. F. DAVIES AND J. K. WHITEHEAD cigarette smoke condensate with the normal tar to nicotine ratio and condensate with a reduced tar to nicotine ratio. The latter condensate was obtained from cigarettes made of selected tobaccos carefully ble...

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Spectrophotometric Determination of Nicotine

Cited by 114 publications

References 20 publications

A study of the comparative carcinogenicity of cigarette and cigar smoke condensate on mouse skin.

A study of the comparative carcinogenicity of cigarette and cigar smoke condensate on mouse skin.

Selenium reduces cadmium accumulation and alleviates cadmium-induced quality degradation in tobacco

A Study of the Effects of Altering the Tar/Nicotine Ratio in Experimental Tobacco Carcinogenesis

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