Spatiotemporal extension of the Euramerican Psaronius component community to the Late Permian of Cathaysia: In situ coprolites in a P. housuoensis stem from Yunnan Province, southwest China

Phytophagy on fossil ferns from Argentina (Palo Pintado Formation, Late Miocene): a review of their fossil record and ichnotaxonomy

“…These occurrences are recorded from the Lower Carboniferous to Cretaceous, mostly from the Northern Hemisphere (Seward, 1923(Seward, , 1924Rothwell & Scott, 1983;Scott & Taylor, 1983;Scott & Paterson, 1984;Rex & Galtier, 1986;Labandeira & Beall, 1990; Lesnikowska, 1990;Tidwell & Hebbert, 1992;Labandeira et al, 1997;Ash, 2000;Labandeira & Phillips, 2002;Rößler, 2000;D'Rozario et al, 2011). These occurrences were reported mostly in the stems of Psaronius Cotta, 1832 a marattialean tree fern (Rothwell & Scott, 1983;Labandeira & Beall, 1990;Lesnikowska, 1990;Labandeira & Phillips 1996a,b;Labandeira et al, 1997;Labandeira & Phillips, 2002;Rößler, 2000;D'Rozario et al, 2011) and Tempskya Corda, 1845 a probable fi licalean tree fern (Seward, 1923(Seward, , 1924Scott & Paterson, 1984;Tidwell & Hebbert, 1992). Less common occurrences of insect damage are galls (Labandeira & Phillips, 1996b;Labandeira & Phillips, 2002), piercing and sucking (Scott & Taylor, 1983;Labandeira & Phillips, 1996a) and marginal excisions (Ash, 1997;Labandeira, 2002b) which have been recorded from the Carboniferous to the Eocene of the USA.…”

“…Examples of insect damages on fossils is based on indirect evidence of coprolites that often occur within the rachises, stems and sporangia (Seward, 1923(Seward, , 1924Rothwell & Scott, 1983;Scott & Paterson, 1984;Scott et al, 1985;Rex & Galtier, 1986;Labandeira & Beall, 1990;Lesniskowska, 1990;Labandeira et al, 1997;Ash, 2000;Rößler, 2000;Labandeira & Phillips, 2002;Kellogg & Taylor, 2004;D'Rozario et al, 2011;Slater et al, 2012), and to a lesser extent damage infl icted on leaves (Webb, 1982;Hill, 1987;Ash, 1997;Labandeira, 2002b, McLoughlin et al, 2015. Fossil insect-plant interactions in Argentina are poorly documented.…”

The fungal sporeAnnella capitataSrivastava from the Jurassic (Late Toarcian–Late Bajocian) Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Patagonia, Argentina

“…Sheffy & Dilcher (1971), from Triassic and Jurassic deposits ( de Jersey 1959de Jersey , 1962Traverse & Ash 1994) are very similar to the spores produced by some extant ascomycetes, suggesting that the fungal record may be underestimated. By contrast, fungal forms have been widely identified in organic petrographic studies of Upper Carboniferous and younger coals (D'Rozario et al 2011;O'Keefe et al , 2013Hower et al 2013). …”

On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type

“…Coprolites within coals, coal balls, and modern peat provide a record of the fate of the partially digested remains of plant tissues (Chaloner et al, 1991;D'Rozario et al, 2011;Kubiena, 1955;Labandeira and Phillips, 2002;Lesnikowska, 1990). Bacteria (Bradley, 1966;Lavelle and Spain, 2001), nematode larvae (Botella et al, 2010), and fungi (Baxendale, 1979;Baxter, 1975;Beute and Benson, 1979;D'Rozario et al, 2011;Loo, 2009) are known to be associated with coprolites.…”

“…Bacteria (Bradley, 1966;Lavelle and Spain, 2001), nematode larvae (Botella et al, 2010), and fungi (Baxendale, 1979;Baxter, 1975;Beute and Benson, 1979;D'Rozario et al, 2011;Loo, 2009) are known to be associated with coprolites. The role of arthropods' or other predators' herbivory or detrivory of leaves (Baxendale, 1979;Lesnikowska, 1990;Raymond et al, 2001) and stems (Beute and Benson, 1979;Chaloner et al, 1991;D'Rozario et al, 2011;Labandeira and Phillips, 2002;Rolfe, 1985;Rothwell and Scott, 1983;Scott, 1977;Taylor and Scott, 1983) is established at least from the Pennsylvanian, with seed ferns and tree ferns being the most common targets in the Pennsylvanian and Permian based on coprolites and damage to plant tissues (D'Rozario et al, 2011;Hower et al, 2013a;Labandeira and Phillips, 2002;Lesnikowska, 1990;Raymond et al, 2001;Rothwell and Scott, 1983). Evidence for herbivory includes wounds with signs of a reaction to the damage (Chaloner et al, 1991;Lesnikowska, 1990).…”