Spatiotemporal changes in Hourly Wet Bulb Globe temperature in Peninsular Malaysia

Houmsi, Mohamad Rajab; Ismail, Zulhilmi; Othman, llya Khairanis; Ishak, Daeng Siti Maimunah; Hamed, Mohammed Magdy; Iqbal, Zafar; Syamsunur, Deprizon; Shahid, Shamsuddin

doi:10.1007/s00477-023-02396-2

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…April, May and June are the hottest months of the year. PM experiences roughly six hours of direct sunshine daily, with cloud cover most probable during the afternoon or evening 73 , 74 . The higher temperature is generally on the coasts and the lower in the central highlands.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study used the daily ERA5 temperature dataset with a geographical resolution of 0.25° for 1950–2022 to analyze the changes in the frequency and severity of heat waves across PM. Houmsi, et al 73 assessed the performance of ERA5 in PM compared to station data. The results demonstrated ERA5's strong capacity to replicate a variety of variables across all stations, indicating the reliable performance of ERA5 in PM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heatwaves in Peninsular Malaysia: a spatiotemporal analysis

Muhammad,

Hamed,

Harun

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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One of the direct and unavoidable consequences of global warming-induced rising temperatures is the more recurrent and severe heatwaves. In recent years, even countries like Malaysia seldom had some mild to severe heatwaves. As the Earth's average temperature continues to rise, heatwaves in Malaysia will undoubtedly worsen in the future. It is crucial to characterize and monitor heat events across time to effectively prepare for and implement preventative actions to lessen heatwave's social and economic effects. This study proposes heatwave-related indices that take into account both daily maximum (Tmax) and daily lowest (Tmin) temperatures to evaluate shifts in heatwave features in Peninsular Malaysia (PM). Daily ERA5 temperature dataset with a geographical resolution of 0.25° for the period 1950–2022 was used to analyze the changes in the frequency and severity of heat waves across PM, while the LandScan gridded population data from 2000 to 2020 was used to calculate the affected population to the heatwaves. This study also utilized Sen's slope for trend analysis of heatwave characteristics, which separates multi-decadal oscillatory fluctuations from secular trends. The findings demonstrated that the geographical pattern of heatwaves in PM could be reconstructed if daily Tmax is more than the 95th percentile for 3 or more days. The data indicated that the southwest was more prone to severe heatwaves. The PM experienced more heatwaves after 2000 than before. Overall, the heatwave-affected area in PM has increased by 8.98 km2/decade and its duration by 1.54 days/decade. The highest population affected was located in the central south region of PM. These findings provide valuable insights into the heatwaves pattern and impact.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heatwaves in Peninsular Malaysia: a spatiotemporal analysis

Muhammad,

Hamed,

Harun

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…The research concerning assessing meteorological variables' influence on WBGT is notably scarce. One of the few investigations in this domain was by Juang and Lin (2007) and Houmsi, Ismail, Othman llya, et al (2023). Their pioneering work is a benchmark for understanding the intricate relationship between meteorological variables and WBGT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By combining these variables, the indices provide a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of the heat stress experienced by individuals. Among these indices, WBGT stands out as a robust and widely used tool for evaluating heat stress, particularly in occupational and outdoor environments (Houmsi, Ismail, Othman llya, et al, 2023; Kyaw, Hamed, & Shahid, 2023; Rachid & Qureshi, 2023). WBGT considers 2 m air temperature (Ta), wind speed (WS), solar radiation (SR), and relative humidity (RH) for comprehensively evaluating heat stress (Budd, 2008; Patel et al, 2013; Shin et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simplified equations for wet bulb globe temperature estimation in Bangladesh

Kamal,

Faruki Fahim,

Shahid

2024

Intl Journal of Climatology

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The increasing temperatures and shifts in meteorological conditions have heightened the vulnerability of Bangladesh's densely populated regions, known for their high heat and humidity, to potential health hazards. While the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is a widely acknowledged and robust measure for evaluating heat stress in various occupational and outdoor environments, its widespread application is impeded by the complexity of calculations, the substantial computational resources required, and the need for specialized expertise, particularly in developing nations. Therefore, this study aimed to develop simplified equations for estimating WBGT in Bangladesh using meteorological variables. This study applied Liljegren's model on high‐resolution reanalysis data of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5) to calculate WBGT from 1979 to 2021. Subsequently, linear and nonlinear regressions were used to derive simplified equations for estimating Liljegren WBGT in Bangladesh. The quadratic regression models offer simplified equations for WBGT estimation. The model with only temperature (Ta) as an input estimates WBGT with an R2 of 0.967 and an RMSE of 0.716, effectively capturing a significant portion of WBGT variability. The inclusion of solar radiation (SR) with Ta improved the performance, with an R2 of 0.996 and an RMSE of 0.242. The best parsimonious model, with an R2 of 0.986 and an RMSE of 0.471, is derived when wind speed is considered with Ta and SR inputs, achieving an R2 of 0.993 and an RMSE of 0.331. Comprehensive graphical and statistical analyses confirm the high accuracy of all models. The three‐input model notably demonstrates exceptional performance, attaining optimal values for critical metrics, including extreme WBGT. The results affirm the practical suitability of the derived models for accurate estimations of WBGT in Bangladesh. These equations provide simplified tools for assessing heat stress conditions, contributing to public health initiatives, occupational safety guidelines, and climate change adaptation strategies.

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“…The current study employed the WBGT heat categories from the United States Department of the Army classification system to evaluate heat stress 7 . This classification is widely used to define heat illness risk levels 73 , 74 . The University of Georgia also adopted these categories to be used in collegiate athletics as a benchmark for how demanding practices may be ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet-bulb_globe_temperature ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in wet bulb globe temperature and risk to heat-related hazards in Bangladesh

Kamal,

Fahim,

Shahid

2024

Sci Rep

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The rise in temperatures and changes in other meteorological variables have exposed millions of people to health risks in Bangladesh, a densely populated, hot, and humid country. To better assess the threats climate change poses to human health, the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is an important indicator of human heat stress. This study utilized high-resolution reanalysis data from the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF ERA5) to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in outdoor WBGT across Bangladesh from 1979 to 2021, employing Liljegren's model. The study revealed an increase in the annual average WBGT by 0.08–0.5 °C per decade throughout the country, with a more pronounced rise in the southeast and northeast regions. Additionally, the number of days with WBGT levels associated with high and extreme risks of heat-related illnesses has shown an upward trend. Specifically, during the monsoon period (June to September), there has been an increase of 2–4 days per decade, and during the pre-monsoon period (March to May), an increase of 1–3 days per decade from 1979 to 2021. Furthermore, the results indicated that the escalation in WBGT has led to a five-fold increase in affected areas and a three-fold increase in days of high and extreme heat stress during the monsoon season in recent years compared to the earlier period. Trend and relative importance analyses of various meteorological variables demonstrated that air temperature is the primary driver behind Bangladesh's rising WBGT and related health risks, followed by specific humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation.

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Spatiotemporal changes in Hourly Wet Bulb Globe temperature in Peninsular Malaysia

Cited by 7 publications

References 64 publications

Heatwaves in Peninsular Malaysia: a spatiotemporal analysis

Heatwaves in Peninsular Malaysia: a spatiotemporal analysis

Simplified equations for wet bulb globe temperature estimation in Bangladesh

Changes in wet bulb globe temperature and risk to heat-related hazards in Bangladesh

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