Spatial variation of chemical constituents from the burning of commonly used biomass fuels in rural areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), India

Saud, T.; Saxena, Mohit; Singh, D. P.; Saraswati,; Dahiya, Manisha; Sharma, S.K.; Datta, Arindam; Gadi, Ranu; Mandal, T. K.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.053

Cited by 52 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The higher EF PM from dung compared to wood has been observed previously for fuel-based and energy-based EF (Venkataraman and Rao, 2001;Sheesley et al, 2003;Keene et al, 2006;Oanh et al, 1999;Saud et al, 2013). The induced-draught stove when burning charcoal 20 emitted less PM than a mixture of hardwood and dung (Figure 4), consistent with prior studies that demonstrated that charcoal leads to relatively low PM emissions (Kshirsagar and Kalamkar, 2014).…”

supporting

confidence: 80%

“…For the four field tests of traditional mud stoves, PM 2.5 mass was comprised of 49-65% OC and 3.5-18% EC (Table S2) with maximum OC:EC occurring for dung cake are consistent with prior studies of similar fuel types in the IGP (Saud et al, 2013;Deka and Hoque, 2015). Major inorganic ions contributing to PM 2.5 mass include potassium (0.5-1.8%), ammonium (0.8-5.7%), and chloride (2.4-9.9%), with minor contributions (< 0.6%) from sodium, 15 calcium, fluoride, nitrate, and sulfate.…”

supporting

confidence: 71%

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Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): Emissions of particulate matter from wood and dung cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources

Stockwell¹,

Bhave²,

Praveen³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract.The Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE) characterized widespread and 20 under-sampled combustion sources common to South Asia, including brick kilns, garbage burning, diesel and gasoline generators, diesel groundwater pumps, idling motorcycles, traditional and modern cooking stoves and fires, crop residue burning, and a heating fire. Fuel-based emission factors (EF; with units of pollutant mass emitted per kg of fuel combusted) were determined for fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions, trace metals, and organic species. For the forced draught zig-zag brick 25 kiln, EF PM2.5 ranged 12-19 g kg -1 with major contributions from OC (7%), sulfate expected to be in the form of sulfuric acid (31.9%), and other chemicals not measured (e.g., particle bound water). For the clamp kiln, EF PM2.5 ranged 8-13 g kg -1 , with major contributions from OC (63.2%), sulfate (20.8%), and ammonium (14.2%). Our brick kiln EF PM2.5 values may exceed those previously reported, partly because we sampled emissions at ambient temperature after emission from the stack or kiln allowing some particle-phase OC and sulfate to form from 30 gaseous precursors. The combustion of mixed household garbage under dry conditions had an EF PM2.5 of 7.4 ± 1.2 g kg -1 , whereas damp conditions generated the highest EF PM2.5 of all combustion sources in this study, reaching up to 125 ± 23 g kg -1 . Garbage burning emissions contained relatively high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs), triphenylbenzene, and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Sb), making these useful markers of this source. A variety of cooking stoves and fires fueled with dung, hardwood, twigs, and/or other biofuels were ), while biogas had no detectable PM emissions. Idling motorcycle emissions were evaluated before and after routine servicing at a local shop, which decreased EF PM2.5 from 8.8 ± 1.3 g kg -1 to 0.71 ± 0.45 g kg -1 when averaged across five motorcycles. Organic species analysis indicated that this reduction in PM 2.5 was largely due to a decrease in emission of motor oil, probably from the crankcase. The EF and chemical emissions profiles developed in this 10 study may be used for source apportionment and to update regional emission inventories.

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supporting

confidence: 80%

supporting

confidence: 71%

Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): Emissions of particulate matter from wood and dung cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources

Stockwell¹,

Bhave²,

Praveen³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…Technical details of the extraction process, sample preparation and analysis of WSIC have been discussed in Saud et al (2013) and Sen et al (2014). Similarly, trace gases emitted during the combustion process were estimated by the chemical wet method.…”

Section: Analysis Of Water-soluble Ionic Component (Wsic) Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SO 2 EF was substantial lower in the present study than those reported by Sen et al (2014) ; cation: 0.43 ± 0.18 g kg -1 ). Saud et al (2011Saud et al ( , 2012Saud et al ( , 2013, b Sen et al (2014), c Based on total consumption of biomass fuels (FW + DC).…”

Section: Comparison Of Emission Of Pollutants From Northwestern Himalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential Biomass Burning Emissions over Northwestern Himalayan Region of India: Chemical Characterization and Budget Estimation

Saxena

Sharma

Tomar

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In the present study, we have determined the emission factors (EF) and estimated the emission of particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), water soluble inorganic constituents (WSIC) and trace gases such as SO 2 , NO and NO 2 from the combustion of biomass fuels (FW: fuel wood and DC: dung cake) used in rural sectors for cooking over Himachal Pradesh (HP), representing the Northwestern Himalayan region of India. The average EFs of PM estimated from FW and DC were 3.44 ± 2.38 and 11.43 ± 1.13 g kg -1 , respectively. OC and EC emission ranged from 0.106 to 3.55 g kg -1 and 0.07 to 0.90 g kg -1 , respectively for variety of biomass fuels. Total emission of PAHs from DC (44.37 mg kg ) noted in this study was almost similar. Similarly, the average EFs of NO x from FW and DC were 0.59 ± 0.49 g kg -1 and 0.34 ± 0.18 g kg -1 , respectively. FWs have comparatively higher SO 2 emission (average: 0.43 ± 0.38 g kg -1 ) than from DC (average: 0.23 ± 0.15 g kg -1 ). Among anionic inorganic constituents emitted from FW, maximum EF was noted for Cl -(0.30 ± 0.26 g kg -1 ). Similarly for cations, highest EF was noted of K + (0.20 ± 0.09 g kg -1 ). Ca 2+ and Na + were the major cationic species identified in plumes of DC burning. Utilizing total annual consumption of biomass fuels and EFs of particulates and trace gases determined in the present study over HP and in the past study (Saud et al., 2011 over Uttarakhand, budget estimates of PM, OC, EC, TC, PAHs, SO 2 and NO x have been determined over the Northwestern Himalayan region. Total annual emission estimated over Northwestern Himalayan region are as:

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“…Residential burning resulted in an EF for TSP of 4.45 ± 0.42 g/kg. In the literature, PM emission factors were significantly higher for raw dung cake [6,28,46] and dung briquette combustion [46] than for other fuels.…”

Section: Residences (A) Compacted Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate Matter Emission Factors for Biomass Combustion

et al. 2016

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Emission factor is a relative measure and can be used to estimate emissions from multiple sources of air pollution. For this reason, data from literature on particulate matter emission factors from different types of biomass were evaluated in this paper. Initially, the main sources of particles were described, as well as relevant concepts associated with particle measurements. In addition, articles about particle emissions were classified and described in relation to the sampling environment (open or closed) and type of burned biomass (agricultural, garden, forest, and dung). Based on this analysis, a set of emission factors was presented and discussed. Important observations were made about the main emission sources of particulate matter. Combustion of compacted biomass resulted in lower particulate emission factors. PM 2.5 emissions were predominant in the burning of forest biomass. Emission factors were more elevated in laboratory burning, followed by burns in the field, residences and combustors.

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Spatial variation of chemical constituents from the burning of commonly used biomass fuels in rural areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), India

Cited by 52 publications

References 40 publications

Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): Emissions of particulate matter from wood and dung cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources

Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): Emissions of particulate matter from wood and dung cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources

Residential Biomass Burning Emissions over Northwestern Himalayan Region of India: Chemical Characterization and Budget Estimation

Particulate Matter Emission Factors for Biomass Combustion

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