Spatial and temporal evolution of co-seismic landslides after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake

Shafique, Muhammad

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107228

Cited by 61 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…We acknowledge that a longer period of time may be needed to better characterize the frequency of rock avalanches triggered by earthquakes. Additionally, intense shaking from earthquakes can destabilize slopes, or cause marginally stable slopes to fail, and thus alter the frequency of subsequent noncoseismic rock avalanches (e.g., Shafique, 2020). The opposite effect would also be true, that is, future earthquakes could be more impactful because intense shaking could have a greater effect on slopes that are increasingly susceptible to failure as a result of glacial retreat or permafrost degradation; a phenomenon that has been demonstrated for the combination of earthquake shaking and increased precipitation in soil landslides (Bontemps et al, 2020).…”

Section: Comparison With Coseismic Rock Avalanches In Alaskamentioning

confidence: 99%

A 36-Year Record of Rock Avalanches in the Saint Elias Mountains of Alaska, With Implications for Future Hazards

Bessette-Kirton

Coe

2020

Front. Earth Sci.

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Glacial retreat and mountain-permafrost degradation resulting from rising global temperatures have the potential to impact the frequency and magnitude of landslides in glaciated environments. Several recent events, including the 2015 Taan Fiord rock avalanche, which triggered a tsunami with one of the highest wave runups ever recorded, have called attention to the hazards posed by landslides in regions like southern Alaska. In the Saint Elias Mountains, the presence of weak sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and active uplift resulting from the collision of the Yakutat and North American tectonic plates create landslide-prone conditions. To differentiate between the typical frequency of landsliding resulting from the geologic and tectonic setting of this region, and landslide processes that may be accelerated due to changes in climate, we used Landsat imagery to create an inventory of rock avalanches in a 3700 km 2 area of the Saint Elias Mountains. During the period from 1984 to 2019, we identified 220 rock avalanches with a mean recurrence interval of 60 days. We compared our landslide inventory with a catalog of M ≥ 4 earthquakes to identify potential coseismic events, but only found three possible earthquake-triggered rock avalanches. We observed a distinct temporal cluster of 41 rock avalanches from 2013 through 2016 that correlated with above average air temperatures (including the three warmest years on record in Alaska, 2014-2016); this cluster was similar to a temporal cluster of recent rock avalanches in nearby Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. The majority of rock avalanches initiated from bedrock ridges in probable permafrost zones, suggesting that ice loss due to permafrost degradation, as opposed to glacial thinning, could be a dominant factor contributing to rock-slope failures in the high elevation areas of the Saint Elias Mountains. Although earthquake-triggered landslides have episodically occurred in southern Alaska, evidence from our study suggests that area-normalized rates of non-coseismic rock avalanches were greater during the period from 1964 to 2019, and that the frequency of these events will continue to increase as the climate continues to warm. These findings highlight the need for hazard assessments in Alaska that address changes in landslide patterns related to climate change.

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Section: Comparison With Coseismic Rock Avalanches In Alaskamentioning

confidence: 99%

A 36-Year Record of Rock Avalanches in the Saint Elias Mountains of Alaska, With Implications for Future Hazards

Bessette-Kirton

Coe

2020

Front. Earth Sci.

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“…Such inventories are essential for understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of future landslides. To the best of our knowledge, only a few studies have mapped these occurrences systematically in worldwide earthquake cases (Dahlquist & West, 2019; R. L. Fan et al., 2018a; Lin et al., 2004; Shafique, 2020; Shou et al., 2011; Tian et al., 2020), and in limited areas affected by the Wenchuan Earthquake (M. Chen et al., 2020; X. Fan et al., 2019b; Shen et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2017, 2018), yet no multitemporal postseismic susceptibility and controlling factor assessments have been attempted thus far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapidly Evolving Controls of Landslides After a Strong Earthquake and Implications for Hazard Assessments

Fan

Yunus

Scaringi

et al. 2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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Rainfall-induced remobilizations of coseismic landslide deposits, propagating from hillslopes to downstream (Dahlquist & West, 2019), are a typical hazard in areas affected by earthquake-induced landslides (X. Fan et al., 2019a). These deposits are typically constituted by loose materials with significant amounts of fines, hence they are susceptible to sudden collapse and liquefaction upon loss of suction or pore water pressure increase (Hu et al., 2017, 2018). Debris remobilization events may occur in the earthquake-affected areas for years or decades (Hovius et al., 2011; Keefer, 1994; Yunus et al., 2020), even multiple times in the same deposit, largely depending on the volumes of coseismic deposits and rainfall intensities (Dadson et al., 2004; Hovius et al., 1997; Marc et al., 2016). Together with delayed (postseismic) slope failures, they concur to the generation of destructive debris flows, posing an additional threat to areas already hit by the earthquake. Where these remobilizations evolved into debris flows, such as in Wenchuan county (China), they caused human losses and extensive damage to property and infrastructure (Tang et al., 2011; Q. Xu

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“…In the geoscientific literature, the post-seismic landslide evolution is examined on the basis of the temporal variation of several parameters such as landslide rate (km 2 /year, in Barth et al, 2019), landslide density (m 2 /km 2 , in Marc et al, 2019), climate normalized landslide rate (Marc et al 2015), number of landslides (Saba et al 2010), total landslide area (Shafique 2020) and cumulative landslide area/volume (Fan et al 2018). The timespan of the post-seismic period required to restore a given area to pre-seismic landslide susceptibility levels is called landslide recovery time (e.g., Kincey et al, 2021;Marc et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wenchuan (e.g., Fan et al 2018;Chen et al 2020b) and Gorkha (e.g., Kincey et al, 2021;Marc et al, 2019) earthquakes. Notably, the inconsistency between different observations could be related to the boundaries of examined areas (e.g., Shafique, 2020;Yunus et al, 2020) because the ground shaking level spatially varies, hence the its effect varies as well. In other words, the damage produced by ground motion is not homogeneous throughout the area affected by an earthquake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insight into post-seismic landslide evolution processes in the tropics

Tanyaş¹,

Kirschbaum²,

Görüm³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Earthquakes do not only trigger landslides in co-seismic phases but also elevate post-seismic landslide susceptibility either by causing a strength reduction in hillslope materials or by producing co-seismic landslide deposits, which are prone to further remobilization under the external forces generated by subsequent rainfall events. However, we still have limited observations regarding the post-seismic landslide processes. And, the examined cases are rarely representative for tropical conditions where the precipitation regime is strong and persistent. Therefore, in this study, we introduce three new sets of multi-temporal landslide inventories associated with subsets of the areas affected by (1) 2016 Reuleuet (Indonesia, Mw=6.5), (2) 2018 Porgera (Papua New Guinea, Mw=7.5) and (3) 2012 Sulawesi (Indonesia, Mw=6.3), 2017 Kasiguncu (Indonesia, Mw=6.6) and 2018 Palu (Indonesia, Mw=7.5) earthquakes. Overall, our findings show that that the landslide susceptibility level associated with the occurrences of new landslides could return to pre-seismic conditions in less than a year if the given area is exposed to prolonged and strong precipitation.

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Spatial and temporal evolution of co-seismic landslides after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake

Cited by 61 publications

References 52 publications

A 36-Year Record of Rock Avalanches in the Saint Elias Mountains of Alaska, With Implications for Future Hazards

A 36-Year Record of Rock Avalanches in the Saint Elias Mountains of Alaska, With Implications for Future Hazards

Rapidly Evolving Controls of Landslides After a Strong Earthquake and Implications for Hazard Assessments

New insight into post-seismic landslide evolution processes in the tropics

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