Sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in swimming pools

Suppes, Laura M.; Huang, Ching-Hua; Lee, Wan-Ning; Brockman, Kyle J.

doi:10.2166/wh.2017.004

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…PPCPs have been studied in different swimming pool settings Suppes et al, 2017;Teo et al, 2016;Weng et al, 2014), while EDCs (e.g. estrone, estradiol) have been mainly investigated in environmental waters (Campbell et al, 2006;Petrovic et al, 2004;Yoon et al, 2010).…”

Section: Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products And Endocrine Disrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…urine and sweat) and/or human skin during swimming (some lotions may contain pharmaceuticals). Several commonly used pharmaceuticals, such as acetaminophen, carbamazepine and ibuprofen, have been detected in different swimming pool settings , Suppes et al, 2017, Teo et al, 2016, Weng et al, 2014, while EDCs (e.g. estrone, estradiol) have been mainly investigated in environmental waters (Campbell et al, 2006, Petrovic et al, 2004, Yoon et al, 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protection of Public Health from Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Swimming Pool Environments

Ekowati¹

2019

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Ozone is a very powerful chemical disinfectant which is able to oxidize organic and inorganic compounds, as well as killing microorganisms. The high oxidizing power is due to the weak bonds of the third oxygen atom causing instability of the ozone molecule. Ozone decomposes rapidly and thus does not provide a residual disinfection effect and has to be generated on-demand at the site of application. Ozone is a stronger oxidant than chlorine, with a higher redox potential (WHO, 2000). In aqueous solution, ozone reacts with organic and inorganic compounds by means of two different mechanisms: direct oxidation by ozone molecules and oxidation by hydroxyl radicals during ozone decomposition (Glaze et al., 1987; Gottschalk et al., 2010; CHAPTER 1 | 5 are applied in drinking water treatment as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), usually combined with hydrogen peroxide and ozone (Heering, 2004). Contaminants in swimming pools and similar environments Figure 2. Potential microbial and chemical hazards in swimming pools and similar environments (adapted from WHO (2006)) Microbial hazards Microbial contaminants in the pool water can be pathogens originating from faecal matter introduced by humans and animals, from human shedding (e.g. vomit, mucus, saliva, and skin) (WHO, 2006) or from source water and air (Figure 2). Many outbreaks associated with pathogens in swimming pools and similar environments have been reported worldwide (

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Section: Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products And Endocrine Disrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of Public Health from Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Swimming Pool Environments

Ekowati¹

2019

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“…The global utilization of thermal water is increasing in coincidence with increasing health and wellness tourism (Smith and Puczkó 2014). Figures released by the Global Wellness Institute show the extent to which the thermal mineral springs industry contributes to the more than 4.2 trillion USD wellness economy, with approximately 34,000 establishments; this industry slightly overlaps the more generalized spa industry, which has 150,000 establishments (Global Wellness Economy Monitor 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…up to a few weeks, therefore allowing chlorine-resistant compounds to accumulate (Ekowati et al 2016;Fantuzzi et al 2018). In the case of swimming pools, the incoming tap water may already be contaminated by PhACs (Suppes et al 2017). However, in the case of thermal spas, the filling water is typically sourced from hundreds of metres underground, is above 30°C, has high mineral content and is free from anthropogenic contamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal baths as sources of pharmaceutical and illicit drug contamination

Jakab

Szalai

Michalkó

et al. 2019

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Despite the fact that there are tens of thousands of thermal baths in existence, knowledge about the occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in untreated thermal wastewater is very limited. Because used thermal water is typically legally discharged into surface waters without any treatment, the effluent poses environmental risks for the receiving water bodies. The aim of this study was to show the occurrence patterns and spatiotemporal characteristics of 111 PhACs in thermal wastewater. Six thermal water outflows of different thermal baths were tested in different seasons in the Budapest metropolitan region (Hungary), and diurnal analysis was performed. After solid-phase extraction, the samples were analysed and quantified by coupling supercritical fluid chromatography and mass spectrometry to perform simultaneous multi-residue drug analysis. The results confirm that water discharge pipes directly transport pharmaceuticals into surface water bodies; 34 PhACs were measured to be over the limit of quantification at least once, and 21 of them were found in more than one water sample. The local anaesthetic drug lidocaine, antiepileptic carbamazepine, analgesic derivative tramadol and illicit drug cocaine were detected in more than half of the samples. Caffeine, metoprolol and bisoprolol (cardiovascular drugs), benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite), diclofenac (NSAID), citalopram (antidepressant) and certain types of hormones also have a significant frequency of 30-50%. However, the occurrence and concentrations of PhACs vary according to the season and number/types of visitors. As demonstrated by the diurnal fluctuation, drug contamination of thermal waters can significantly vary, even for similar types of baths; furthermore, the quantity and types of some pollutants rapidly change in the discharged thermal wastewater.

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“…Caffeine-a stimulant very popular in body lotions, bath lotions, and creams-was found in swimming pools by Weng et al [9], Suppes et al [10], and Teo et al [11]. Ekowati et al [12] proved carbamazepine to be ubiquitous in swimming pools…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Micropollutants in Water Samples from Swimming Pool Systems

Lempart

Kudlek

Dudziak

2018

Water

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Abstract:The present study investigated the occurrence of selected micropollutants, including emerging contaminants from a group of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water samples from swimming pool systems. The study area was selected based on the lack of available information regarding suspected contamination of swimming pool water by PPCPs. The variety and concentration of chemical compounds in these aquatic systems can be quite diversified, presenting a challenge in terms of both purification and quality control. Determination of PPCPs requires very sensitive analytical methods that make it possible to confirm the presence of tested compounds in a complex organic extract. In this field, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be used. With this system, selected ion monitoring can be performed, which reduces the detection limits of the investigated analyte. This paper aims to present an analytical method and strategy that can be adapted to obtain information on the composition of water in swimming pool systems. The sample preparation methodology, including Solid Phase Extraction, has been developed for the trace determination of two pharmaceuticals-caffeine, carbamazepine-and one sunscreen constituent-benzophenone-3-in swimming pool water samples.

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Sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in swimming pools

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Protection of Public Health from Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Swimming Pool Environments

Protection of Public Health from Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Swimming Pool Environments

Thermal baths as sources of pharmaceutical and illicit drug contamination

Determination of Micropollutants in Water Samples from Swimming Pool Systems

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