Source-specific risks of synchronous heavy metals and PAHs in inhalable particles at different pollution levels: Variations and health risks during heavy pollution

Sun, Yueming; Tian, Yingze; Xue, Qianqian; Jia, Bin; Wei, Yehua Dennis; Song, Danlin; Huang, Fengxia; Feng, Yinchang

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106162

Cited by 42 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Compared with other sources, steel-related smelting contributed the most to the toxic element levels during haze episodes. These results were similar to the findings of Sun et al (2021) , which indicated that industrial emissions had a significant impact on cancer risks associated with different heavy pollution, however, Lin et al (2020) found that traffic emissions were the dominant source of cancer risks. In the present study, the TCR of steel-related smelting for both children and adults was the highest during pre-lockdown haze episodes and exceeded the US EPA limit.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In this study, according to the studies from Diao et al (2021) , Huang et al (2018) , Lin et al (2020) , Sun et al (2021) , and Tian et al (2021) , the PMF and HR models were combined to assess the health risks associated with different emission sources through the following three steps: Step one: The source contributions to selected toxic elements levels are determined based on the PMF results as follows:

where

is the concentration of the j th element from the k th source in the i th sample (μg/m 3 );

denotes the contribution of the k th source to the i th sample (μg/m 3 ); and

represents the mass fraction of the j th element for the k th source. Step two: The exposure doses of the selected toxic elements attributable to each source are calculated as follows:

where

is the average daily dose of the j th non-carcinogen from the k th source in the i th sample (mg/(kg·day));

is the average daily dose of the j th carcinogen from the k th source in the i th sample (mg/(kg·day)); and

is the concentration of the j th toxic element from the k th source in the i th sample (mg/m 3 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toxic elements, such as As, Mn, Cr, Zn, etc., in ambient PM 2.5 are able to induce adverse health effects owing to their bioavailability and bioaccumulation ( Chen and Lippmann, 2009 ; Gerlofs-Nijland et al, 2009 ; Zheng et al, 2016 ). Epidemiological studies found that the most toxic elements can play important roles in nerve damage ( Shen et al, 1996 ; Utsunomiya et al, 2004 ; Wang and Zhang, 2006 ), cardiopulmonary inflammation ( Joseph et al, 2015 ; Mukhtar and Limbeck, 2013 ), and respiratory infections ( Bollati et al, 2010 ; Ghio et al, 1999 ), and the health risks of toxic elements in ambient PM 2.5 ( Betha et al, 2014 ; Feng et al, 2016 ; Li et al, 2016 ; Lin et al, 2016 ) and critical risk sources ( Huang et al, 2018 ; Lin et al, 2020 ; Sun et al, 2021 ) have been widely studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential health risks of inhaled toxic elements and risk sources during different COVID-19 lockdown stages in Linfen, China

Wang

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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Levels of toxic elements in ambient PM 2.5 were measured from 29 October 2019 to 30 March 2020 in Linfen, China, to assess the health risks they posed and to identify critical risk sources during different periods of the COVID-19 lockdown and haze episodes using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and a health-risk assessment model. The mean PM 2.5 concentration during the study period was 145 μg/m 3 , and the 10 investigated toxic elements accounted for 0.31% of the PM 2.5 mass. The total non-cancer risk (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) of the selected toxic elements exceed the US EPA limits for children and adults. The HI for children was 2.3 times that for adults for all periods, which is likely due to the high inhalation rate per unit body weight for children. While the TCR for adults was 1.7 times that of children, which is mainly attributed to potential longer exposure duration for adults. The HI and TCR of the toxic elements during full lockdown were reduced by 66% and 58%, respectively, compared to their pre-lockdown levels. The HI and TCR were primarily attributable to Mn and As, respectively. Health risks during haze episodes were significantly higher than the average levels during COVID-19 lockdowns, though the HI and TCR of the selected toxic elements during full-lockdown haze episodes were 68% and 17% lower, respectively, than were the levels during pre-lockdown haze episodes. During the study period, fugitive dust and steel-related smelting were the highest contributors to HI and TCR, respectively, and decreased in these emission sources contributed the most to the lower health risks observed during the full lockdown. There, the control of these sources is critical to effectively reduce public health risks.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

where

is the concentration of the j th element from the k th source in the i th sample (μg/m 3 );

denotes the contribution of the k th source to the i th sample (μg/m 3 ); and

represents the mass fraction of the j th element for the k th source. Step two: The exposure doses of the selected toxic elements attributable to each source are calculated as follows:

where

is the average daily dose of the j th non-carcinogen from the k th source in the i th sample (mg/(kg·day));

is the average daily dose of the j th carcinogen from the k th source in the i th sample (mg/(kg·day)); and

is the concentration of the j th toxic element from the k th source in the i th sample (mg/m 3 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential health risks of inhaled toxic elements and risk sources during different COVID-19 lockdown stages in Linfen, China

Wang

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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“…Industries were previously the pillar of the Guiyang economy (Xu et al 2016 ). Motor vehicle ownership has increased from 1.19 to 1.83 million, with increased petroleum PAH and HM emission (Stajic et al 2016 ; Sun et al 2021 ). Guiyang lies on the eastern Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, and most parks are scattered over karst hill basins, which hinder the dispersion of atmospheric PAHs and HMs (Ma et al 2020 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Insights into Source Apportionment and Source-Specific Health Risks of Potential Pollutants in Urban Park Soils on the Karst Plateau, SW China

Liang

Zhu

et al. 2023

Expo Health

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) pose risks to environmental and human health. Identification of priority control contaminants is important in guiding the management and control of these synchronous pollutants. A total of 247 soil samples were collected from 64 urban parks in the karst plateau city of Guiyang in SW China to determine the concentrations, spatial distributions, and health risks of PAHs and HMs. The results indicate that dibenz(ah)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene are the main PAHs species of high ecological risk, and Cr, Mn, and Ni pose elevated ecological risk among the HMs. Four sources were identified for PAHs (biomass burning, coke oven, traffic sources, and coal burning) and HMs (traffic sources, coal burning, industrial sources, and natural sources). The non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of PAHs were all determined to be negligible and at acceptable levels, several orders of magnitude below those of HMs. The NCR and TCR values of HMs were relatively high, especially for children (11.9% of NCR > 1; 79.1% of TCR > 10 −4 ). Coal burning and natural sources make the greatest contributions to the NCR and TCR values from karst park soils in Guiyang. Considering HMs bioavailability, NCR and TCR values were rather low, due to the high residual HM fractions. Integrated insights into source specific ecological and human health risk indicate future directions for management and control of synchronous PAH and HM pollution, particularly for karst plateau areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12403-023-00534-3.

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“…(5) Because of the adverse effects of TEs on biogeochemical cycling in the ecosystem and the health of animals and human beings, health risk assessments should be addressed in the future. To fully assess the health impacts of TEs, it is crucial to develop exposure–response models for varied TEs separately or in aggregate, like the global exposure mortality models (GEMMs), to convert exposure to health consequences, rather than only indicating the magnitude of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. , Meanwhile, parameters that determine the physical and chemical properties of TEs in air quality and climate models, such as dry deposition, wet deposition, and Henry’s law constants, should be further explored to support long time series and refined exposure assessment. , …”

Section: Limitations and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives of Atmospheric Emission Inventories of Toxic Trace Elements: A Critical Review

Bai

Tian

Zhu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Toxic trace elements (TEs) can pose serious risks to ecosystems and human health. However, a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric emission inventories for several concerning TEs has not yet been developed. In this study, we systematically reviewed the status and progress of existing research in developing atmospheric emission inventories of TEs focusing on global, regional, and sectoral scales. Multiple studies have strengthened our understanding of the global emission of TEs, despite attention being mainly focused on Hg and source classification in different studies showing large discrepancies. In contrast to those of developed countries and regions, the officially published emission inventory is still lacking in developing countries, despite the fact that studies on evaluating the emissions of TEs on a national scale or one specific source category have been numerous in recent years. Additionally, emissions of TEs emitted from waste incineration and traffic-related sources have produced growing concern with worldwide rapid urbanization. Although several studies attempt to estimate the emissions of TEs based on PM emissions and its source-specific chemical profiles, the emission factor approach is still the universal method. We call for more extensive and in-depth studies to establish a precise localization national emission inventory of TEs based on adequate field measurements and comprehensive investigation to reduce uncertainty.

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Source-specific risks of synchronous heavy metals and PAHs in inhalable particles at different pollution levels: Variations and health risks during heavy pollution

Cited by 42 publications

References 34 publications

Potential health risks of inhaled toxic elements and risk sources during different COVID-19 lockdown stages in Linfen, China

Potential health risks of inhaled toxic elements and risk sources during different COVID-19 lockdown stages in Linfen, China

Integrated Insights into Source Apportionment and Source-Specific Health Risks of Potential Pollutants in Urban Park Soils on the Karst Plateau, SW China

Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives of Atmospheric Emission Inventories of Toxic Trace Elements: A Critical Review

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