Source and pathways of lead in humans from the Broken Hill mining community; an alternative use of exploration methods

Gulson, Brian L.; Mizon, Karen J.; Law, Alistair J.; Korsch, Michael; Davis, Jeffrey; Howarth, Donald

doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.89.4.889

Cited by 106 publications

(67 citation statements)

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“…This finding is in accordance with that of other authors who found lead exposures to point sources. 12,20,[24][25][26][27][28] Gallacher et al (1984) reported that the blood lead level increases 4.5 µg/dl for each 1 000 ppm of lead in soil. In our study we cannot calculate this result because we did not obtain information regarding lead in environmental samples from the individual households.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of blood-lead levels in children in Callao and Lima metropolitan area

Espinoza¹,

Hernández-Ávila

Narciso³

et al. 2003

Salud pública Méx

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To determine blood lead levels in urban populations of children (n=2 510) and women (n=874) in the early postpartum in certain districts of Lima and Callao, and to correlate those levels with particular exposures. Material and Methods. Between July 1998 and January 1999 cross sectional study was conducted. The study population was selected using three sampling strategies in the government operated school system and from public pediatric and maternity hospitals at Lima and Callao, Peru. Study personnel were trained to collect finger stick blood samples with a protocol that minimizes external lead contamination. Lead determinations in blood and environmental samples were performed at the study site using portable anodic striping voltamenters. To determine the simultaneous effects of different predictors on blood lead levels, multivariate regression models were used to estimate adjusted mean differences. Results. The mean blood lead level in the children studied was 9.9 µg/dl ranging from I µg/dl to 64 µg/dl with 29% of the children displaying values greater than 10 µg/dl and 9.4% at levels greater than 20 µg/dl. Among the women, the mean was 3.5 µg/dl (SD=2.4 µg/dl), and 2.4% (n=21) Entre julio de 1998 y enero de 1999 se llevó a cabo una encuesta en el área metropolitana de Lima y en El Callao, Perú. La población de estudio fue identificada mediante tres estrategias de muestreo y con la cual se seleccionaron escuelas públicas y hospitales pediátricos y gineco-obstétricos. El personal que participó en el estudio recibió entrenamiento para la técnica de punción digital y puso especial énfasis en controlar la contaminación externa con plomo. Las determinaciones del metal en sangre y muestras ambientales se llevaron a cabo utilizando voltametría anódica. Para determinar los efectos simultá-neos de diferentes predictores sobre los niveles de plomo en sangre se usaron modelos de regresión multivariada para estimar diferencias de media y ajustadas. Resultados. Los niveles promedio de plomo en sangre fueron de 9.9 µg/dl de una variación entre 0 y 64 µg/dl. El 29 y 9.4% de los niños presentaron valores por encima de 10Determinants of blood-lead levels in children in Callao and Lima metropolitan area Rocío Espinoza, MD,(1) Mauricio Hernández-Avila, MD, MPh, ScD, (2) Juan Narciso, Eng, (1) Carmen Castañaga, MD,Shirley Moscoso, Biól,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of blood-lead levels in children in Callao and Lima metropolitan area

Espinoza¹,

Hernández-Ávila

Narciso³

et al. 2003

Salud pública Méx

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“…When blood lead level is predicted from the exposure media concentrations, soil ingestion appears as the predominant pathway in the upper percentiles of the distribution of the predicted blood lead concentrations, as in former studies conducted near smelters (Roels 1980, Gulson 1994, Landrigan 1996. However, when blood lead level is calculated by the integrated model, the ingestion of exposed produce appears as the main pathway in the last quarter of the blood lead distribution.…”

Section: Model Amentioning

confidence: 87%

Integration of the Predictions of Two Models with Dose Measurements in a Case Study of Children Exposed to the Emissions from a Lead Smelter

Bonnard

McKone

2009

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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Integration of the predictions of two models with dose measurements in a case study of children exposed to the emissions of a lead smelter AbstractThe predictions of two source-to-dose models are systematically evaluated with observed data collected in a village polluted by a currently operating secondary lead smelter. Both models were built up from several sub-models linked together and run using Monte-Carlo simulation, to calculate the distribution children's blood lead levels attributable to the emissions from the facility. The first model system is composed of the CalTOX model linked to a recoded version of the IEUBK model. This system provides the distribution of the media-specific lead concentrations (air, soil, fruit, vegetables and blood) in the whole area investigated. The second model consists of a statistical model to estimate the lead deposition on the ground, a modified version of the model HHRAP and the same recoded version of the IEUBK model. This system provides an estimate of the concentration of exposure of specific individuals living in the study area. The predictions of the first model system were improved in terms of accuracy and precision by performing a sensitivity analysis and using field data to correct the default value provided for the leaf wet density. However, in this case study, the first model system tends to overestimate the exposure due to exposed vegetables. The second model was tested for nine children with contrasting exposure conditions. It managed to capture the blood levels for eight of them. In the last case, the exposure of the child by pathways not considered in the model may explain the failure of the model. The interest of this integrated model is to provide outputs with lower variance than the first model system, but at the moment further tests are necessary to conclude about its accuracy.

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“…Several studies attribute the enrichment of heavy metals in lacustrine sediments to human and industrial activity during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and more recent leaded gasoline usage (Williams, 1991;Farmer et al, 1996;Yang et al, 2002;Yang and Rose, 2005). In particular, lead isotope ratios have been increasingly used to establish the principal sources of lead pollution and yield information on geochemical origin (Gulson et al, 1994;Monna et al, 1997;Farmer et al, 1999;Hansmann and Köppel, 2000;Shepherd et al, 2009). Development of the high precision double-spike lead isotope technique (Ishizuka et al, 2003) has also led to more sensitive environmental investigations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Pollution Signals in Sediments from Windermere, NW England, Determined by Micro-XRF and Lead Isotope Analysis

Miller

Croudace

Bull

et al. 2015

Micro-XRF Studies of Sediment Cores

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High resolution geochemical (Itrax micro-XRF and wavelength dispersive XRF) data, radiochronology ( 210 Pb and 137 Cs analyses) and ultra-high precision double-spike lead isotope measurements from lacustrine sediment cores are used in combination with historical research of former mining landscapes to investigate modern pollution signals in sediments from Windermere, the largest lake in the English Lake District. The sediment record suggests that while most element concentrations have been stable, there has been a significant increase since the 1930s in lead, zinc and copper concentrations. Double-spike lead isotope measurements reveal a mixture of natural lead, and three major contributory sources of anthropogenic (industrial) lead, comprising gasoline lead, coal combustion lead (from coal-fired steam ships) and lead derived from Carboniferous Pb-Zn mineralisation (mining activities). A number of up-system sediment traps have limited the amount of mining related heavy metals entering Windermere, and as a result, periods of metal workings do not correlate with peaks in heavy metals. Increases could also be due to flood-induced metal inwash or weathering of bedrock in the catchment. Application of these non-destructive and high precision analytical techniques provides new insights into the pollutant depositional history of Windermere.

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Source and pathways of lead in humans from the Broken Hill mining community; an alternative use of exploration methods

Cited by 106 publications

References 0 publications

Determinants of blood-lead levels in children in Callao and Lima metropolitan area

Determinants of blood-lead levels in children in Callao and Lima metropolitan area

Integration of the Predictions of Two Models with Dose Measurements in a Case Study of Children Exposed to the Emissions from a Lead Smelter

Modern Pollution Signals in Sediments from Windermere, NW England, Determined by Micro-XRF and Lead Isotope Analysis

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