Some problems arising due to plasma–surface interaction for operation of the in-vessel mirrors in a fusion reactor

Voitsenya, V.S.; Bardamid, A. F.; Bondarenko, V. N.; Jacob, W.; Konovalov, V. G.; Masuzaki, S.; Motojima, O.; Orlinskij, D.V.; Поперенко, Л. В.; Ryzhkov, I. V.; Sagara, A.; Shtan, A. F.; Solodovchenko, S. I.; Vinnichenko, M.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3115(00)00634-6

Cited by 51 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In addition, Mo is also considered for diagnostics tools, such as in-vessel mirrors, which are used in the first wall of ITER [26]. Single-crystal mirrors made of these high-Z materials have exhibited notably better ability to withstand erosion conditions and also have an adequate lifetime [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring molybdenum nanostructure evolution by low-energy He+ ion irradiation

Tripathi

Novakowski

Hassanein

2015

Applied Surface Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring molybdenum nanostructure evolution by low-energy He+ ion irradiation

Tripathi

Novakowski

Hassanein

2015

Applied Surface Science

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“…Future devices like ITER will use in-vessel mirrors for several diagnostics [15]. Some mirrors are foreseen to be used in the divertor region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some mirrors are foreseen to be used in the divertor region. As long as carbon is used inside the machine, there is concern that a-C:D layers will be deposited on mirror surfaces, resulting in a change of the optical reflectivity of the mirrors [15]. This may require frequent calibration of the corresponding diagnostic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further insight into the mechanism of hydrocarbon layer formation below the divertor of ASDEX Upgrade

Mayer

Rohde

2006

Nucl. Fusion

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Abstract. The surface loss probability of hydrocarbon radicals was measured below the roof baffle of the ASDEX Upgrade divertor using the cavity technique. Hydrocarbon layers are mainly formed by sticking of hydrocarbon radicals with high surface loss probabilities of about 0.2 and close to unity. In addition to sticking re-erosion by atomic hydrogen plays an important role in layer formation. The temperature dependence of layer formation was measured with heated and cooled long term samples from 77 K to 475 K. The layer growth rate is larger by a factor of about 40 at 77 K compared to room temperature, while it is lower by a factor of about 70 at 475 K than at room temperature due to enhanced re-erosion. Implications of the results for predictions of tritium retention in future fusion devices and hydrocarbon layer formation on mirror surfaces are discussed.

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“…This research program studied relay mirror performance close to the fusion plasma, where the peak fast neutron flux was 3×10 14 n/cm 2 s, and gamma flux was 3×10 3 Gy/s (Yamamoto et al 2000). Many metal mirror compositions, including copper, molybdenum, TZM (99 percent Mo, 0.1 percent Zr, 0.5 percent Ti), tungsten, tantalum, stainless steel, beryllium, and rhodium were found to maintain high reflectivity in the visible and infrared wavelength range, under these exposure conditions Yamamoto et al 2000;Voitsenya et al 2001;Litnovsky et al 2007;Marot et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Readiness and Gaps Analysis of Commercial Optical Materials and Measurement Systems for Advanced Small Modular Reactors

Anheier¹,

Suter²,

Qiao³

et al. 2013

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Energy Research and Development Roadmap and industry stakeholders by evaluating optically based instrumentation and control (I&C) concepts for advanced small modular reactor (AdvSMR) applications. These advanced designs will require innovative thinking in terms of engineering approaches, materials integration, and I&C concepts to realize their eventual viability and deployment. The primary goals of this report include:1. Establish preliminary I&C needs, performance requirements, and possible gaps for AdvSMR designs based on best-available published design data.2. Document commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) optical sensors, components, and materials in terms of their technical readiness to support essential AdvSMR in-vessel I&C systems.3. Identify technology gaps by comparing the in-vessel monitoring requirements and environmental constraints to COTS optical sensor and materials performance specifications.4. Outline a future research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) program plan that addresses these gaps and develops optical-based I&C systems that enhance the viability of future AdvSMR designs.The DOE-NE roadmap outlines RD&D activities intended to overcome technical barriers that currently limit advances in nuclear energy. As part of this strategy, DOE-NE is sponsoring research on advanced reactor supportive technologies to reduce the identified barriers. Key challenges that must be overcome include the high capital costs to develop nuclear power plants, maintaining safety performance as the reactor fleet expands, minimizing nuclear waste, and maintaining strong proliferation resistance. AdvSMR designs are a major component of this strategy, because these designs offer a number of unique advantages. The modular and small size of AdvSMR designs naturally lead to reduced capital investments and, potentially, construction savings through factory fabrication. However, new economic and technical challenges accompany the many attractive features offered by AdvSMR designs. Specifically, the modest power output of AdvSMRs does not provide the economy of scale afforded by large reactors. In addition, many of the AdvSMR designs operate at much higher temperatures than lightwater reactors and require instrumentation to withstand harsh, in-vessel environments arising from unconventional, chemically aggressive coolants and unique reactor system configurations.Addressing these I&C challenges will be critically important to the AdvSMR development program to ensure the viability and future success of advanced reactor designs. Solutions will likely be found through evolution of conventional reactor technology, and the development of entirely new concepts. Early pressure/boiling water reactors used conventional I&C technologies (e.g., thermocouples, ionchambers, strain-gauge pressure sensors) to satisfy design requirements. Because these technologies worked well in the relatively low-temperature reactor designs, the demand for alternate I&C technologies was limited. At the time, optical-based reactor monitoring concepts were g...

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Some problems arising due to plasma–surface interaction for operation of the in-vessel mirrors in a fusion reactor

Cited by 51 publications

References 13 publications

Tailoring molybdenum nanostructure evolution by low-energy He+ ion irradiation

Tailoring molybdenum nanostructure evolution by low-energy He+ ion irradiation

Further insight into the mechanism of hydrocarbon layer formation below the divertor of ASDEX Upgrade

Technical Readiness and Gaps Analysis of Commercial Optical Materials and Measurement Systems for Advanced Small Modular Reactors

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