Somatostatin as an Active Substance in the Mammalian Enteric Nervous System

Gonkowski, Sławomir; Rytel, Liliana

doi:10.3390/ijms20184461

Cited by 23 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(259 reference statements)

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“…It should be emphasized that both duration of the experiment and the obtained glycaemic levels were sufficient to induce changes in the neurons of the enteric nervous system. It should be underline that in the cause of enteric neurons the time of influence of pathological factor is shorter than in the case of peripheral nevus system (Gonkowski et al, 2009(Gonkowski et al, , 2010(Gonkowski et al, , 2019. First of all enteric neurons create small population lying into gastrointestinal wall.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Chemically-Induced Diabetes Mellitus on Phenotypic Variability of the Enteric Neurons in the Descending Colon in the Pig

Bulc

Całka

Zielonka

et al. 2021

Annals of Animal Science

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Gastrointestinal neuropathy in diabetes is one of numerous diseases resulting in abnormal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and it may affect any section of the GIT, including the descending colon. In the gastrointestinal system, the neurons are arranged in an interconnecting network defined as the enteric nervous system (ENS) which includes the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexuses: inner and outer. Regular functioning of the ENS is determined by normal synthesis of the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. This paper demonstrates the effect of hyperglycaemia on the number of enteric neurons which are immunoreactive to: neural isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and cocaine amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the porcine descending colon. It was demonstrated that there was a statistically significant increase in the number of neurons within the myenteric plexus immunoreactive to all investigated substances. In the outer submucosal plexus, the CART-positive neurons were the only ones not to change, whereas no changes were recorded for nNOS or CART in the inner submucosal plexus. This study is the first study to discuss quantitative changes in the neurons immunoreactive to nNOS, VIP, GAL, CGRP and CART in the descending colon in diabetic pigs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number and type of arrangement of the individual plexuses is determined by a given section of the GIT and the animal species Timmermans et al, (1992a), Furness (2012). For the latter, there are differences between rodents and large species, such as pigs (Gonkowski and Rytel, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Chemically-Induced Diabetes Mellitus on Phenotypic Variability of the Enteric Neurons in the Descending Colon in the Pig

Bulc

Całka

Zielonka

et al. 2021

Annals of Animal Science

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“…In the gastrointestinal tract, a wide variety of neurotransmitters, neuro-regulators, and hormones play different roles. Acetylcholine (ACh) acts via muscarinic receptors to directly stimulate smooth intestinal muscle contractility [ 16 ]. Substance P (SP), neurokinin A, and neurokinin B are neuromodulators of tachykinin, and the action of SP on neurotransmission occurs in the non-adrenergic/non-cholinergic system (NANC), which is directly involved in the perception of painful stimuli.…”

Section: The Enteric Nervous System and The Gut–brain Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

You Talking to Me? Says the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) to the Microbe. How Intestinal Microbes Interact with the ENS

Giuffrè

Moretti

Campisciano

et al. 2020

JCM

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Mammalian organisms form intimate interfaces with commensal and pathogenic gut microorganisms. Increasing evidence suggests a close interaction between gut microorganisms and the enteric nervous system (ENS), as the first interface to the central nervous system. Each microorganism can exert a different effect on the ENS, including phenotypical neuronal changes or the induction of chemical transmitters that interact with ENS neurons. Some pathogenic bacteria take advantage of the ENS to create a more suitable environment for their growth or to promote the effects of their toxins. In addition, some commensal bacteria can affect the central nervous system (CNS) by locally interacting with the ENS. From the current knowledge emerges an interesting field that may shape future concepts on the pathogen–host synergic interaction. The aim of this narrative review is to report the current findings regarding the inter-relationships between bacteria, viruses, and parasites and the ENS.

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“…Somatostatin (SST-14,28) is considered a universal endocrine molecule and a peptide hormone in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and enteric nervous system (ENS) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). It inhibits via different subtypes of SST receptors, and belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) with 7-transmembrane domains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Versatile Functions of Somatostatin and Somatostatin Receptors in the Gastrointestinal System

Shamsi¹,

Chatoo²,

Xu³

et al. 2021

Front. Endocrinol.

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Somatostatin (SST) and somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) play an important role in the brain and gastrointestinal (GI) system. SST is produced in various organs and cells, and the inhibitory function of somatostatin-containing cells is involved in a range of physiological functions and pathological modifications. The GI system is the largest endocrine organ for digestion and absorption, SST-endocrine cells and neurons in the GI system are a critical effecter to maintain homeostasis via SSTRs 1-5 and co-receptors, while SST-SSTRs are involved in chemo-sensory, mucus, and hormone secretion, motility, inflammation response, itch, and pain via the autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and exoendocrine pathways. It is also a power inhibitor for tumor cell proliferation, severe inflammation, and post-operation complications, and is a first-line anti-cancer drug in clinical practice. This mini review focuses on the current function of producing SST endocrine cells and local neurons SST-SSTRs in the GI system, discusses new development prognostic markers, phosphate-specific antibodies, and molecular imaging emerging in diagnostics and therapy, and summarizes the mechanism of the SST family in basic research and clinical practice. Understanding of endocrines and neuroendocrines in SST-SSTRs in GI will provide an insight into advanced medicine in basic and clinical research.

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Somatostatin as an Active Substance in the Mammalian Enteric Nervous System

Cited by 23 publications

References 141 publications

Effect of Chemically-Induced Diabetes Mellitus on Phenotypic Variability of the Enteric Neurons in the Descending Colon in the Pig

Effect of Chemically-Induced Diabetes Mellitus on Phenotypic Variability of the Enteric Neurons in the Descending Colon in the Pig

You Talking to Me? Says the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) to the Microbe. How Intestinal Microbes Interact with the ENS

Versatile Functions of Somatostatin and Somatostatin Receptors in the Gastrointestinal System

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