Somalian women with female genital mutilation had increased risk of female sexual dysfunction: a cross-sectional observational study

Mohamed, Abdikarim Hussein; Mohamud, Rahma Yusuf Haji; Mohamud, Hussein Ali; Eraslan, Aşır; Gür, Metin; Omar, Abdikarim Ali; Çimen, Sertaç

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19949-0

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…The total FSFI score average of participants and separately for women with type I and II FGM/C were obtained at 21.87 ± 3.44, 23.5 ± 2.0 and 17.4 ± 2.4, respectively, which is in line with other studies [ 9 , 32 , 33 ], Although the total FSFI score in Manal’s survey, 14.3 ± 5.93, was less than our study. Compared to uncircumcised women, a significant decrease in FSFI score and sexual performance has been proven in women who experienced FGM/C [ 29 , 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Inconsistent with the Abdi Karim and Alsibiani et al study, in which the frequency of type II FGM/C was more than type I [ 31 , 32 ], our study’s results indicated that most participating women had undergone type I FGM/C and there was no case of type III and IV circumcision. However, Ismail et al [ 9 ] and Piroozi et al had similar results to our study [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Disorders in all domains of FSFI was identified in Daneshkhah et al [ 20 ], and Manal Ibrahim Mahmoud’s studies [ 33 ], but the comparison of two types of FGM/C was not done in their study. In Somali women, only scores of the orgasm and satisfaction domains were lower in Type II compared to type I [ 32 ]. Contrary to our findings, the sexual pain scores were not affected in other studies [ 31 , 36 ], it could be due to the different versions of used questionnaires (Arabic versus Persian) and comparing circumcised women with uncircumcised ones not two types of FGM/C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The comparison of sexual function in types I and II of female genital mutilation

Hassannezhad,

Asadzadeh,

Iranpour

et al. 2024

BMC Women's Health

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Background Female genital mutilation has many sexual, physical, and psychological consequences. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C), and Sexual Function among circumcised women in Sardasht City, Iran.” Methods In this present cross-sectional study, 197 women who were mutilated entered the study by simple random sampling from two healthcare centers in Sardasht, Iran. A gynecologist first performed a genital examination to identify the type of female genital mutilation of participants. Subsequently, Socio-demographic and FGM/C-related characteristics checklist and the female sexual function index questionnaire were completed by interview method. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Results Type I and II of female genital mutilation were performed in 73.1 and 26.9% of the participants, respectively. The age range of performing female genital mutilation in type I and II of female genital mutilation was 4–10 years old in 67.4% and 71.1% respectively. Traditional practitioners/local women carried out the circumcision in all of the participants, and Sunnah/tradition was reported as the most common reason for doing this procedure. The average total score of FSFI index in type I and II of female genital mutilation was 23.5 ± 2.0 and 17.4 ± 2.39, respectively. In all domains of FSFI, women with type II of female genital mutilation obtained lower scores than women with type I. Conclusion Circumcised women have reduced scores in all domains of FSFI, and the severity of sexual dysfunction is related to the type of FGM/C. Considering the prevalence of female genital mutilation and its adverse effects, it is imperative to initiate cultural improvements through education and awareness. By educating and raising awareness among individuals about this issue, we can foster positive changes and address the problem effectively.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The comparison of sexual function in types I and II of female genital mutilation

Hassannezhad,

Asadzadeh,

Iranpour

et al. 2024

BMC Women's Health

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“…The domains of desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain were the most affected domains in the vital study (6). In the study by Abdi Karim et al (2022), There were also orgasm and satisfaction disorders in the study of Abdi Karim et al (2022), and the scores of the domains of orgasm and satisfaction in type I were 3.4 ± 0.73 and 3.7 ± 0.36, respectively, and in type II, these scores were 2.7 ± 1.16 and 3.3 ± 0.95 respectively(29).…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Characteristics of Female genital mutilation and Sexual Function among Circumcised women in Sardasht (Iran) in 2023

Hassannejhad,

Monir,

Iranpour

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Female genital mutilation (FGM/C) is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women, which has many sexual, physical, and psychological consequences. The present study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of Female genital mutilation and Sexual Function among circumcised women in Sardasht City in Iran. Methods In this present cross-sectional study a total of 197 mutilated women entered the study by simple random sampling from two healthcare centers in Sardasht, Iran. First, a genital examination was done by a gynecologist to determine the type of FGM/C/C in women, then the checklist of FGM/C characteristics and FSFI questionnaire were completed for them. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Results Type I and II of FGM/C/C were performed in 73.1 and 26.9 percent of the participants, respectively. The age range of performing FGM/C/C (68.5%) was 4–10 years old, and the most common reason for it in 69% was reported cultural tradition. All cases of FGM/C/C were performed by traditional local female circumcisers without the use of anesthesia. The average score of sexual function index (FSFI) in 99% of circumcised women was below 28 and they were screened as sexual dysfunction. The average score of FSFI in type I and II of FGM/C was 23.5 ± 2.0 and 17.4 ± 2.39, respectively, which indicates more severe sexual dysfunction in women with type II. In all domains of FSFI, women with type II of FGM/C/C obtained lower scores than women with type 1. Conclusion Sexual dysfunction is common in women who have been under genital mutilation, and its severity is related to the type of FGM/C/C. Considering the impact of female genital mutilation on sexual function, increasing awareness among people to prevent this practice is one of the health priorities in areas with a culture of FGM/C/C.

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“…Rouzi et al, in their study, investigated whether there was a significant difference between FGSIS scores in women with and without FGM [ 8 ]. In the study by Mohamed et al, FSFI scores were compared in 215 women with and without FGM according to the WHO FGM classification [ 9 ]. While other limited studies in the literature examined sexual function in women with and without FGM, especially FSFI scoring, only FGSIS scoring was used in Rouzi et al's study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Female Genital Mutilation on Sexual Function: A Study Conducted in Rural Sudan

Dura,

Abaker Salih,

Aktürk

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Backround: There are few studies comparing sexual function in women with female genital mutilation (FGM) in the literature, and most of these were evaluated with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire. Only one used the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) questionnaire.Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effects of FGM on sexual function in Sudanese women who did or did not undergo FGM, using the FSFI and FGSIS questionnaires.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on Sudanese women from July 2020 to March 2021. Patients who attended to our hospital's gynecology outpatient clinic for health screening were included in this study. A total of 211 patients 113 with FGM and 98 without FGM were included in the study. The group with FGM was categorized according to the classification of the World Health Organization. The validated Arabic FSFI and FGSIS questionnaires were administered to groups with and without female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C).Results: When the FGM types of the cases participating in the study were examined, patients with FGM were classified according to the FGM/C classification defined by the World Health Organization. They were classified as 20.4% (n=23) Type 1, 49.6% (n=56) Type 2, and 30.1% (n=34) Type 3. FSFI and FGSIS scores were significantly lower in the FGM/C group, especially in Type 3 with the highest tissue loss. The survey results statistically support the possibility of sexual dysfunction in FGM group.Clinical implications: Female genital circumcision negatively affects sexual function. Therefore, clinicians should consider and sexual dysfunction in women with FGM attending primary care. Strengths and limitations:The strengths of this study are its originality, as it is the first study in the literature to use validated FGSIS and FSFI questionnaires together to assess sexual function in groups with and without FGM and to evaluate correlation of questionnaire results. We undertook the study it using validated and reliable scales, trained clinical staff, local staff gynecologist, and multivariate analysis. Limitation of the study is the chosen age range. The reason for limiting the age to under 35 is that we wanted to evaluate the more sexually active age group in our study. We cannot comment on the correlation of FSFI and FGSIS in circumcised patients over 35 years of age. Conclusion: Sexual function and sexual self-image of women with FGM/C were found to be significantly lower compared to women without FGM when compared with the validated FSFI and FGSIS questionnaires.

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Somalian women with female genital mutilation had increased risk of female sexual dysfunction: a cross-sectional observational study

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

The comparison of sexual function in types I and II of female genital mutilation

The comparison of sexual function in types I and II of female genital mutilation

Characteristics of Female genital mutilation and Sexual Function among Circumcised women in Sardasht (Iran) in 2023

The Impact of Female Genital Mutilation on Sexual Function: A Study Conducted in Rural Sudan

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