Solvent engineered synthesis of layered SnO for high-performance anodes

Abstract

Batteries are the most abundant form of electrochemical energy storage. Lithium and sodium ion batteries account for a significant portion of the battery market, but high-performance electrochemically active materials still need to be discovered and optimized for these technologies. Recently, tin(II) oxide (SnO) has emerged as a highly promising battery electrode. In this work, we present a facile synthesis method to produce SnO microparticles whose size and shape can be tailored by changing the solvent nature. We study the complex relationship between wet-chemistry synthesis conditions and resulting layered nanoparticle morphology. Furthermore, high-level electronic structure theory, including dispersion corrections to account for van der Waals forces, is employed to enhance our understanding of the underlying chemical mechanisms. The electronic vacuum alignment and surface energies are determined, allowing the prediction of the thermodynamically favoured crystal shape (Wulff construction) and surface-weighted work function. Finally, the synthesized nanomaterials were tested as Li-ion battery anodes, demonstrating significantly enhanced electrochemical performance for morphologies obtained from specific synthesis conditions.

The Significance of an In Situ ALD Al2O3 Stacked Structure for p‐Type SnO TFT Performance and Monolithic All‐ALD‐Channel CMOS Inverter Applications

“…was calculated, for which ΔH i is the total energy of each material for a given stoichiometry extracted from a DFT calculation, and N O is the number of excessive oxygen atoms of stoichiometric crystals. [39] This Δµ O is dramatically decreased oxygen chemical potential (−1.498 eV) and located in the thermodynamic equilibrium growth state of crystalline SnO (the pink star in Figure 4b). This means that deposition of Al 2 O 3 layer provided new thermodynamic environments for crystallization.…”

The Key Role of Tin (Sn) in Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti2SnC (M2AX) Thin Nanocrystalline Films and Powdered Polycrystalline Samples

“…Therefore, a protective Ar 2 atmosphere could avoid the oxidation of Sn to the thermodynamically more stable SnO 2 (SnO 2 -Sn +4 ) [ 23 , 24 ]. A similar mechanism of SnO formation/SnO 2 avoiding was reported upon using a protective N 2 atmosphere for the synthesis of uniform nanocrystalline SnO layers [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Multimodal Encapsulation to Selectively Permeate Hydrogen and Engineer Channel Conduction for p-Type SnOx Thin-Film Transistor Applications

“…This oxygen interstitial-based doping mechanism was supported by several previous studies. ,− For example, Ou et al attributed the p-type behavior of p-SnO x to oxygen interstitials ( O i ″ ) based on their air-annealing (i.e., oxidizing environment) study. The oxygen interstitial mechanism in p-SnO x is endorsed by previous reports ,− that the open structure of layered SnO allows a range of oxygen interstitials, leading to the p-type condition in SnO x .…”