Solutions for Critical Raw Materials under Extreme Conditions: A Review

Grilli, Maria Luisa; Bellezze, T.; Gamsjäger, Ernst; Rinaldi, Antonio; Novák, Pavel; Baloš, Sebastian; Piticescu, Radu Robert; Ruello, Maria Letizia

doi:10.3390/ma10030285

Cited by 59 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…In the era of globalisation and high competitiveness, it is of utmost importance for industries to work on reducing manufacturing costs and simultaneously providing added value in terms of increased life of the product when put into service. It is also imperative for them to have a flawless supply chain which contains a key component of sourcing critical raw materials (CRMs) [1] for them to remain sustainable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The issue of CRMs must be tackled with scientific rigour by pursuing different parallel actions; in particular, by (1) improving the production processes of CRMs (increasing sustainable mining, reducing extraction costs, increasing the efficiency of materials, increasing security, etc. ); (2) finding suitable candidates to partially or totally substitute the CRMs; and (3) increasing their recycling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Critical Raw Materials in Cutting Tools for Machining Applications: A Review

et al. 2020

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A variety of cutting tool materials are used for the contact mode mechanical machining of components under extreme conditions of stress, temperature and/or corrosion, including operations such as drilling, milling turning and so on. These demanding conditions impose a seriously high strain rate (an order of magnitude higher than forming), and this limits the useful life of cutting tools, especially single-point cutting tools. Tungsten carbide is the most popularly used cutting tool material, and unfortunately its main ingredients of W and Co are at high risk in terms of material supply and are listed among critical raw materials (CRMs) for EU, for which sustainable use should be addressed. This paper highlights the evolution and the trend of use of CRMs) in cutting tools for mechanical machining through a timely review. The focus of this review and its motivation was driven by the four following themes: (i) the discussion of newly emerging hybrid machining processes offering performance enhancements and longevity in terms of tool life (laser and cryogenic incorporation); (ii) the development and synthesis of new CRM substitutes to minimise the use of tungsten; (iii) the improvement of the recycling of worn tools; and (iv) the accelerated use of modelling and simulation to design long-lasting tools in the Industry-4.0 framework, circular economy and cyber secure manufacturing. It may be noted that the scope of this paper is not to represent a completely exhaustive document concerning cutting tools for mechanical processing, but to raise awareness and pave the way for innovative thinking on the use of critical materials in mechanical processing tools with the aim of developing smart, timely control strategies and mitigation measures to suppress the use of CRMs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Critical Raw Materials in Cutting Tools for Machining Applications: A Review

et al. 2020

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“…Compacted graphite iron (CGI) is a special type of cast iron containing graphite of short lamellar type, behaving in between grey iron with lamellar graphite and ductile iron with spheroidal graphite, but containing lower amount of spheroidisers/nodularisers (cerium and magnesium) 1-4 . To enhance mechanical properties, CGI can be heat treated to obtain austemperted compacted graphite iron (ACGI) [5][6][7] following transformation of initial ferrite, ferrite-pearlite or pearlite matrix into a unique ausferritic microstructure involving alternate acicular laths of ferrite and carbon stabilised retained austenite 8,9 . In spite of being less ductile, it may be used as perforated plates for applique ballistic protection of military vehicles 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistic Behaviour of Austempered Compacted Graphite Iron Perforated Plates

et al. 2019

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In this study, the performance of austempered compacted graphite iron was evaluated to find its suitability as perforated plates used in add-on armour. Perforated compacted graphite plates were subjected to austenitisation at 900 °C for 2 h followed by austempering at 275 and 400 °C for 1 h. The basic plate was fixed at 400 mm away from the perforated plate and armour and then piercing incendiary projectile was shot from a distance of 100 m. It was observed that both 7 mm and 9 mm perforated plates austempered at lower temperature of 275 °C producing higher hardness and lower ductility were effective in fracturing the penetrating core, thereby significantly decreasing the chances of penetrating the basic plate.

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“…Intensive research on ultrathin metal films (UTMFs) has been carried out recently for possible applications in magnetic and optoelectronic devices . Besides, UTMFs with high transparency and good electrical conductivity may also provide an alternative to Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), which is listed by the EU among the critical raw materials (CRMs) due to the indium supply risk . Other downsides of ITO are its poor transparency in the UV and NIR spectral regions, its low stability, as well as its ceramic nature, which limits its applicability to flexible substrates (common problem to other TCOs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Ultrathin Ni Films

Grilli

Vernhes²,

et al. 2019

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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Conductive and transparent ultra-thin Nickel films are grown by RF sputtering on fused silica substrates. The characteristics of Ni films (thickness, refractive index, and extinction coefficient) are obtained by fitting multi-angle spectrophotometric and ellipsometric data. Films thickness inferred by X ray reflection (XRR) measurements is in good accordance with ellipsometric results. XPS analysis reveals that Ni metal phase is present in the film surface together with Ni mixed oxide phases, which explains the high electrical stability of such films.

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Solutions for Critical Raw Materials under Extreme Conditions: A Review

Cited by 59 publications

References 78 publications

The Critical Raw Materials in Cutting Tools for Machining Applications: A Review

The Critical Raw Materials in Cutting Tools for Machining Applications: A Review

Ballistic Behaviour of Austempered Compacted Graphite Iron Perforated Plates

Characteristics of Ultrathin Ni Films

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