Solubility of Squalene, Oleic Acid, Soya Oil, and Deep Sea Shark Liver Oil in Subcritical R134a from 303 to 353 K

Abstract

The solubilities of lipids typically found in marine oils and seed oil refining byproducts were measured in subcritical R134a to determine whether R134a could be a viable, low-pressure alternative to supercritical CO 2 . The solubilities of squalene, oleic acid, soya oil, and deep sea shark liver oil in subcritical R134a were measured in a countercurrent packed column apparatus over the temperature range 303 to 353 K at 60 bar. Solubility measurements were also made over the pressure range 40-200 bar at 343 K for shark liver oil and oleic acid. The solubilities of all solutes in R134a were low, ranging from 0.8 to 10 g of solute per kg of solvent. The solubilities increased almost linearly with increasing temperature at fixed pressure and increased logarithmically with increasing pressure at fixed temperature. The measurements show that R134a can be used as an alternative to supercritical CO 2 . The strong temperature dependence of the solubility allows for two-stage fractionation of extracts. Solubility as a function of individual solute type increased with decreasing polarity and decreasing molecular weight. The fractionation of deep sea shark liver oil and technical-grade oleic acid was observed in the solubility determinations. Lower-molecular-weight components were concentrated in the extract (R134arich phase), and high-molecular-weight components in the raffinate (lipid-rich phase). A linear solvation energy relationship approach was used to correlate the enhancement factors of the solutes as a function of the solvent polarity/dipolarizability factor. Linear relationships were obtained, but the dependence of the enhancement factor on other solute-solvent parameters could not be determined.

Extraction of β-carotenes from palm oil mesocarp using sub-critical R134a

“…In view of the economic and environmental needs, it is desirable to explore alternative SFE 0308-8146/$ -see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.042 solvents that enable operation at less intense conditions (Catchpole & Proells, 2001;Wood & Cooper, 2003), thereby allowing designers to exploit the typical SFE benefits at more reasonable costs (Perrut, 2000). R134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) is non-toxic, non-reactive, non-flammable, and non-ozone depleting.…”

Effects of parameters on yield for sub-critical R134a extraction of palm oil

“…In view of the economic and environmental needs, it is therefore desirable to explore alternative SFE solvents that enable operation at less intense conditions (Wood et al, 2000;Catchpole and Proells, 2001), thereby allowing designers to exploit the typical SFE benefits at more reasonable costs (Perrut, 2000).…”

“…These include studies on the solubility of lipids in sub-critical R134a (Catchpole and Proells, 2001), solubility of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (Blackwell et al, 1996), solubility of organic materials (Ashraff-Khorassani et al, 1997), solubility of capsaicin and beta-carotene (Hansen et al, 2000), extraction of fixed and mineral oils (Wilde, 2000). Only a few studies explored the feasibility of R134a as an alternative to CO 2 .…”

“…Only a few studies explored the feasibility of R134a as an alternative to CO 2 . Catchpole and Proells (2001) measured the solubility of lipids in sub-critical R134a at low pressure ranging from 40 to 200 bar. They concluded that sub-critical R143a could be a viable and cost-effective alternative to supercritical CO 2 since much lower operating pressure can be used to extract higher percentages of lipids.…”

Stability and activity of lipase in subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a)

“…1,1,1,2-tetraXuoroethane (R134a) is a relatively new gas that was introduced to replace the banned refrigerant R12. R134a is non-toxic, nonXammable, non-ozone-depleting and has a slight global warming capability [5]. The use of R134a as a solvent had been reported as "Phytosol A", an extraction process to recover natural products from a range of plant materials [28,29].…”