Solid-State Fermentation With Aspergillus cristatus Enhances the Protopanaxadiol- and Protopanaxatriol-Associated Skin Anti-aging Activity of Panax notoginseng

Abstract

A metabolomics approach was used to profile metabolites of Panax notoginseng fermented with Aspergillus cristatus in two ways, liquid-state fermentation (LF-P) and solid-state fermentation (SSF-P) and examine metabolite markers representing antioxidant activity and skin anti-aging. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) contents were higher in SSF-P than in LF-P and showed a multiplicative increase over the fermentation period of four days. PPD and PPT levels also correlated with antioxidant and anti-aging effects in skin, based on the mRNA expression of dermal extracellular matrix components. In the bioactivity validation assays, PPD and PPT significantly improved the expression of type-I collagen, fibrillin-1, and elastin in human dermal fibroblasts from both young and old subjects; these were comparable with the effects of the SSF-P extracts. Overall, our results suggest that changes in the metabolites of P. notoginseng fermented with A. cristatus enhance the quality and availability of bioactive compounds associated with skin anti-aging.

UPLC-TOF/MS-based metabolomics reveals the chemical changes and in vitro biological effects in fermentation of white ginseng by four probiotics

“…Similarly, the solid-state fermented Panax notoginseng by Aspergillus cristatus reduced the contents of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd. ( Lee et al, 2021 ). Our results showed that the fermentation of E. cristatum leaded to the degradation of saponins in WG, and the hypoglycemic effect can be improved by changing the saponin contents.…”

“…A FRAP assay was performed according to Benzie and Lee with minor modifications ( Benzie and Strain, 1996 ; Lee et al, 2021 ). The reducing capacity of WG extracts was calculated referring to the iron sulfate calibration curve (6.4, 3.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4 and 0.2 mg/ml) and expressed as the FRAP value (millimoles Fe (II) per gram sample).…”

Protective Effect of Panax notoginseng Extract Fermented by Four Different Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains on H2O2 Induced Oxidative Stress in Skin Fibroblasts

“… 12 Another study found that solid-state fermentation of Aspergillus cristatus could increase the content of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol in Panax notoginseng and exert anti-aging activity. 13 However, Panax notoginseng has various types of active ingredients, and the content of active substances, antioxidant capacity and safety of Panax notoginseng fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae have not been evaluated.…”

Effects of Rhizopus-arrhizus-31-Assisted Pretreatment on the Extraction and Bioactivity of Total Flavonoids from Hibiscus manihot L.

“…(3) The process yields higher-quality and more active fermentation products [ 13 ]. (4) Microbial fermentation enhances Chinese herbal medicine, promoting water and energy conservation while reducing waste [ 14 ]. Microbial fermentation has therefore emerged as a sustainable, energy-efficient, and effective technique.…”