Solid/liquid-interface-dependent synthesis and immobilization of copper-based particles nucleated by X-ray-radiolysis-induced photochemical reaction

Abstract

<jats:p>X-ray-radiolysis-induced photochemical reaction of a liquid solution enables the direct synthesis and immobilization of nano/micro-scale particles and their aggregates onto a desired area. As is well known, the synthesis, growth and aggregation are dependent on the pH, additives and X-ray irradiation conditions. In this study, it was found that the topography and composition of synthesized particles are also dependent on the types of substrate dipped in an aqueous solution of Cu(COOCH<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>)<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> in the X-ray-radiolysis-induced photochemical reaction. These results are attributed to the fact that a secondary electron induced by the X-ray irradiation, surface or interface on which the particles are nucleated and grown influences the particle shape and composition. This study will shed light on understanding a novel photochemical reaction route induced under X-ray irradiation. The development of this process using the X-ray-radiolysis-induced photochemical reaction in aqueous liquids enables us to achieve the rapid and easy operation of the synthesis, growth and immobilization of special nano/micro-scale complex materials or multifunctional composites.</jats:p>

When x-rays alter the course of your experiments*

“…This would imply two parallel processes with similar result. Similar experiments were reported for the deposition at room temperature of Cu layers from solution [48,55,[109][110][111]. The formation of metallic particles, however, is not limited to white beam irradiation and focused monochromatic undulator beams have also been shown to affect the growth kinetics of Au particles from solution at lower intensity beamlines [112].…”

“…Apart from the direct effects of the radiation itself, it is also possible that the presence of a solid/liquid interface plays a role. An example where a synchrotron beam was used to induce particle formation without being the experimental probe beam uses this solid/liquid interface [55]. The particles were subsequently analyzed by SEM etc.…”

Gamma-radiation induced synthesis of freestanding nickel nanoparticles

“…13 Nanoparticle synthesis induced by ionizing radiation (high energy electrons, γand X-ray photons) has been proven quite versatile in engineering metal-and metal-oxide-based nanomaterials at the laboratory scale. 14,15,[16][17][18][19] Although the method is less common it has some clear advantages: it allows engineering of nanomaterials with uniform size and well defined composition using relatively simple synthesis schemes; 20 it is a room temperature process and requires minimal use of potentially harmful chemicals 21 and it allows to obtain a final product (for example, supported nanoparticles) in situ and parallel sterilization of the product can be done if required. The use of this method is limited mainly by the availability of a radiation source.…”

In situ fluorescence yield soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy of electrochemical nickel deposition processes with and without ethylene glycol

“…Metals and/or metal oxides are deposited by X-ray radiolysis-induced photochemical reactions and are known to highly depend on the electrode materials rather than the electrolyte. [54][55][56] Currently, in situ FY-XAS studies using different metal electrode substrates under different experimental conditions are underway in our group.…”