The analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) and the modern field of analytical ultracentrifugation found its inception approximately a century ago. We highlight the scope of its major experimental opportunities as a transport-based method, contemporary and up-and-coming investigation potential for polymers, polymer−drug conjugates, polymer assemblies, as well as medical nanoparticles. Special focus lies on molar mass estimates of unimeric polymeric species, selfassemblies in solution, and (co)localization of multicomponent systems in solution alongside the material−biofluid interactions. We close with present challenges and incentives for future research.