Solar Response and Long‐Term Trend of Midlatitude Mesopause Region Temperature Based on 28 Years (1990–2017) of Na Lidar Observations

She, C. Y.; Berger, Uwe; Yan, Zhaoai; Yuan, Tao; Lübken, Franz‐Josef; Krueger, David A.; Hu, Xiong

doi:10.1029/2019ja026759

Cited by 27 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…However, aside from two apparent positive height trends of summer mesopause occurred at 30°N and 50°S latitude, no significant trends are found at middle and low latitudes for both kinds of mesopause height. The dropping of the mesopause reflects the shrinking effect at lower altitudes caused by greenhouse gas cooling (Lübken et al, 2013; She et al, 2019; Yuan et al, 2019).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the review of Laštovička (2017), he states that even 11 years is not long enough to establish reliable trends due to the existence of various other influences from predominantly atmospheric/meteorological origin. Recently, based on 28‐year (1990–2017) Na lidar nocturnal temperature data sets, She et al (2019) compared the temperature trends deduced from 10‐ to 11‐ and 24‐ to 25‐year‐long data sets with the trends from the full lidar data set, respectively, in their Figure 5 and stressed the need of using data set longer than two solar cycles for reliable trend estimation. The length of the time interval in our analysis is 18 years encompassing barely one and a half solar cycles, but these are what is available at the present.…”

Section: Some Further Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long‐Term Trends and Solar Responses of the Mesopause Temperatures Observed by SABER During the 2002–2019 Period

et al. 2020

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The global distribution and variations of the monthly mesopause temperature are presented during 2002–2019 covering the latitudes of 83°S to 83°N based on Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observations. To investigate the long‐term trend and solar response of the mesopause temperature, a three‐component harmonic fit is first applied to remove the seasonal variation from the monthly temperature data series. Then a multiple linear regression model is performed to residual temperatures versus constant, linear trend, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity terms. In this study, the mesopause temperature shows a cooling trend through all latitudes ranging from ~0 to −0.14 K/year with a mean of −0.075 ± 0.043 K/year. The cooling trends in the Southern Hemisphere are stronger than those in the Northern Hemisphere. For high latitudes (60–80°), significant negative trends can be observed during nonsummertime, while no significant trends are found for summertime. The mesopause temperature shows apparent positive responses to solar activity through all latitudes ranging from 3.03 to 4.80 K per 100 solar flux units (sfu) with a mean of 3.99 ± 0.49 K per 100 sfu, which is more significant and stable in the Northern Hemisphere. There is a pronounced drop for mesopause height at polar latitudes, which reflects the shrinking effect at lower altitudes mainly caused by greenhouse gas cooling. We show that the length of the time interval analyzed strongly influences the results. Our results, obtained from 18‐year SABER observations, are expected to be a robust measure of the mesopause temperature variability.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Some Further Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐Term Trends and Solar Responses of the Mesopause Temperatures Observed by SABER During the 2002–2019 Period

et al. 2020

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“…The SABER instrument was launched in December 2001 on the TIMED satellite (Russell et al, 1999). The data used here are version 2.0, level 2A.…”

Section: Previous Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Fig. 5a, the magenta squares denote the mean nighttime trends derived by She et al (2019). The black line represents our trend results based on zonal means (averages over longitude and local time), while the blue asterisks, green diamonds, and red plus symbols show our zonal mean trends at 19:00, 20:00, and 21:00 LT, respectively.…”

Section: Lower Thermospherementioning

confidence: 98%

“…In Fig. 5, we compare our results (K per decade) with the lidar nighttime measurements of She et al (2019), at Fort Collins, CO (41 • N, 105 • W), and Logan, UT (42 • N, 112 • W), from 2002-2014. They actually made nocturnal temperature observations between 1990 and 2017 but divided their analysis into various time periods and smaller time intervals within the nighttime hours.…”

Section: Lower Thermospherementioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature decadal trends, and their relation to diurnal variations in the lower thermosphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere, based on measurements from SABER on TIMED

Huang

Mayr

2021

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. We have derived the behavior of decadal temperature trends over the 24 h of local time, based on zonal averages of SABER data, for the years 2012 to 2014, from 20 to 100 km, within 48∘ of the Equator. Similar results have not been available previously. We find that the temperature trends, based on zonal mean measurements at a fixed local time, can be different from those based on measurements made at a different fixed local time. The trends can vary significantly in local time, even from hour to hour. This agrees with some findings based on nighttime lidar measurements. This knowledge is relevant because the large majority of temperature measurements, especially in the stratosphere, are made by instruments on sun-synchronous operational satellites which measure at only one or two fixed local times, for the duration of their missions. In these cases, the zonal mean trends derived from various satellite data are tied to the specific local times at which each instrument samples the data, and the trends are then also biased by the local time. Consequently, care is needed in comparing trends based on various measurements with each other, unless the data are all measured at the same local time. Similar caution is needed when comparing with models, since the zonal means from 3D models reflect averages over both longitude and the 24 h of local time. Consideration is also needed in merging data from various sources to produce generic, continuous, longer-term records. Diurnal variations of temperature themselves, in the form of thermal tides, are well known and are due to absorption of solar radiation. We find that at least part of the reason that temperature trends are different for different local times is that the amplitudes and phases of the tides themselves follow trends over the same time span of the data. Many of the past efforts have focused on the temperature values with local time when merging data from various sources and on the effect of unintended satellite orbital drifts, which result in drifting local times at which the temperatures are measured. However, the effect of local time on trends has not been well researched. We also derive estimates of trends by simulating the drift of local time due to drifting orbits. Our comparisons with results found by others (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit, AMSU; lidar) are favorable and informative. They may explain, at least in part, the bridge between results based on daytime AMSU data and nighttime lidar measurements. However, these examples do not form a pattern, and more comparisons and study are needed.

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Signature of the Contemporary Southwestern North American Megadrought in Mesopause Region Wave Activity

Gardner

She

2022

Preprint

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Solar Response and Long‐Term Trend of Midlatitude Mesopause Region Temperature Based on 28 Years (1990–2017) of Na Lidar Observations

Cited by 27 publications

References 49 publications

Long‐Term Trends and Solar Responses of the Mesopause Temperatures Observed by SABER During the 2002–2019 Period

Long‐Term Trends and Solar Responses of the Mesopause Temperatures Observed by SABER During the 2002–2019 Period

Temperature decadal trends, and their relation to diurnal variations in the lower thermosphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere, based on measurements from SABER on TIMED

Signature of the Contemporary Southwestern North American Megadrought in Mesopause Region Wave Activity

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