Solanine (glycoalkaloids) in potatoes: Toxicological evaluation

Application of Single-Stage Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and Differential Analysis Software to Nontargeted Analysis of Contaminants in Dog Food: Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Glycoalkaloids

“…Glycoalkaloids are naturally produced by all potatoes, but the amount produced is determined by many factors such as the potato strain, response to environmental stresses such as insect infestation, temperature extremes, physical bruising, and others. − Solanine and chaconine make up approximately 95% of the total glycoalkaloids produced, whereas solanidine and solamargine make up only about 5%; therefore, quantitative results for these two lesser compounds are not reported here. The United States Department of Agriculture has set informal guidelines recommending the total glycoalkaloids concentration of potatoes for human consumption be no more than 200 ppm, although no suggested limit could be found for animal feeds.…”

“…The United States Department of Agriculture has set informal guidelines recommending the total glycoalkaloids concentration of potatoes for human consumption be no more than 200 ppm, although no suggested limit could be found for animal feeds. This recommended limit in humans is thought to be too high by many researchers − and does not take into account various possible aggravating factors such as the synergistic effects of the solanine/chaconine ratio ,, and differences in species tolerance . Also, the recommended 200 ppm limit refers to an acute dose of glycoalkaloids but does not address the effects of chronic toxicity of glycoalkaloids. , This chronic toxicity aspect of glycoalkaloids should be kept in mind when considering the following: (1) dog owners are often loyal to one brand of dog food; (2) this single brand of dog food may be the sole source of nutrition; and (3) the dog food may be bought in “bulk” quantities.…”

Application of Single-Stage Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and Differential Analysis Software to Nontargeted Analysis of Contaminants in Dog Food: Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Glycoalkaloids

“…Glycoalkaloids are naturally produced by all potatoes, but the amount produced is determined by many factors such as the potato strain, response to environmental stresses such as insect infestation, temperature extremes, physical bruising, and others. − Solanine and chaconine make up approximately 95% of the total glycoalkaloids produced, whereas solanidine and solamargine make up only about 5%; therefore, quantitative results for these two lesser compounds are not reported here. The United States Department of Agriculture has set informal guidelines recommending the total glycoalkaloids concentration of potatoes for human consumption be no more than 200 ppm, although no suggested limit could be found for animal feeds.…”

“…The United States Department of Agriculture has set informal guidelines recommending the total glycoalkaloids concentration of potatoes for human consumption be no more than 200 ppm, although no suggested limit could be found for animal feeds. This recommended limit in humans is thought to be too high by many researchers − and does not take into account various possible aggravating factors such as the synergistic effects of the solanine/chaconine ratio ,, and differences in species tolerance . Also, the recommended 200 ppm limit refers to an acute dose of glycoalkaloids but does not address the effects of chronic toxicity of glycoalkaloids. , This chronic toxicity aspect of glycoalkaloids should be kept in mind when considering the following: (1) dog owners are often loyal to one brand of dog food; (2) this single brand of dog food may be the sole source of nutrition; and (3) the dog food may be bought in “bulk” quantities.…”

The Nutritional Value and Biological Activity of Concentrated Protein Fraction of Potato Juice

“…In the case of the analyzed product, the content of any of these compounds was lower than 1 mg per 100 g of the product (Table 1). According to the available toxicological data, such concentrations should not create a significant risk [68,69], provided that PJPC is used as an additive in a limited quantity.…”

Forensic analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with solid-phase extraction of α-solanine and α-chaconine in whole blood

“…Generally, the intake of 3–6 mg PGAs/kg body weight (BW) is considered a potentially lethal dose for humans [ 40 ]. In a clinical trial to evaluate the acute toxic effect of PGAs on humans, one of the subjects who ate mashed potatoes containing a PGA dose of 1.25 mg/kg BW experienced clinical features of PGA poisoning including gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting 4 h after the dose [ 11 ].…”

Application of Single-Stage Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and Differential Analysis Software to Nontargeted Analysis of Contaminants in Dog Food: Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Glycoalkaloids

“…Glycoalkaloids are naturally produced by all potatoes, but the amount produced is determined by many factors such as the potato strain, response to environmental stresses such as insect infestation, temperature extremes, physical bruising, and others. − Solanine and chaconine make up approximately 95% of the total glycoalkaloids produced, whereas solanidine and solamargine make up only about 5%; therefore, quantitative results for these two lesser compounds are not reported here. The United States Department of Agriculture has set informal guidelines recommending the total glycoalkaloids concentration of potatoes for human consumption be no more than 200 ppm, although no suggested limit could be found for animal feeds.…”

“…The United States Department of Agriculture has set informal guidelines recommending the total glycoalkaloids concentration of potatoes for human consumption be no more than 200 ppm, although no suggested limit could be found for animal feeds. This recommended limit in humans is thought to be too high by many researchers − and does not take into account various possible aggravating factors such as the synergistic effects of the solanine/chaconine ratio ,, and differences in species tolerance . Also, the recommended 200 ppm limit refers to an acute dose of glycoalkaloids but does not address the effects of chronic toxicity of glycoalkaloids. , This chronic toxicity aspect of glycoalkaloids should be kept in mind when considering the following: (1) dog owners are often loyal to one brand of dog food; (2) this single brand of dog food may be the sole source of nutrition; and (3) the dog food may be bought in “bulk” quantities.…”

The Nutritional Value and Biological Activity of Concentrated Protein Fraction of Potato Juice

“…In the case of the analyzed product, the content of any of these compounds was lower than 1 mg per 100 g of the product (Table 1). According to the available toxicological data, such concentrations should not create a significant risk [68,69], provided that PJPC is used as an additive in a limited quantity.…”

Forensic analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with solid-phase extraction of α-solanine and α-chaconine in whole blood

“…Generally, the intake of 3–6 mg PGAs/kg body weight (BW) is considered a potentially lethal dose for humans [ 40 ]. In a clinical trial to evaluate the acute toxic effect of PGAs on humans, one of the subjects who ate mashed potatoes containing a PGA dose of 1.25 mg/kg BW experienced clinical features of PGA poisoning including gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting 4 h after the dose [ 11 ].…”

Application of Single-Stage Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and Differential Analysis Software to Nontargeted Analysis of Contaminants in Dog Food: Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Glycoalkaloids

“…Glycoalkaloids are naturally produced by all potatoes, but the amount produced is determined by many factors such as the potato strain, response to environmental stresses such as insect infestation, temperature extremes, physical bruising, and others. − Solanine and chaconine make up approximately 95% of the total glycoalkaloids produced, whereas solanidine and solamargine make up only about 5%; therefore, quantitative results for these two lesser compounds are not reported here. The United States Department of Agriculture has set informal guidelines recommending the total glycoalkaloids concentration of potatoes for human consumption be no more than 200 ppm, although no suggested limit could be found for animal feeds.…”

“…The United States Department of Agriculture has set informal guidelines recommending the total glycoalkaloids concentration of potatoes for human consumption be no more than 200 ppm, although no suggested limit could be found for animal feeds. This recommended limit in humans is thought to be too high by many researchers − and does not take into account various possible aggravating factors such as the synergistic effects of the solanine/chaconine ratio ,, and differences in species tolerance . Also, the recommended 200 ppm limit refers to an acute dose of glycoalkaloids but does not address the effects of chronic toxicity of glycoalkaloids. , This chronic toxicity aspect of glycoalkaloids should be kept in mind when considering the following: (1) dog owners are often loyal to one brand of dog food; (2) this single brand of dog food may be the sole source of nutrition; and (3) the dog food may be bought in “bulk” quantities.…”

The Nutritional Value and Biological Activity of Concentrated Protein Fraction of Potato Juice

“…In the case of the analyzed product, the content of any of these compounds was lower than 1 mg per 100 g of the product (Table 1). According to the available toxicological data, such concentrations should not create a significant risk [68,69], provided that PJPC is used as an additive in a limited quantity.…”

Forensic analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with solid-phase extraction of α-solanine and α-chaconine in whole blood

“…Generally, the intake of 3–6 mg PGAs/kg body weight (BW) is considered a potentially lethal dose for humans [ 40 ]. In a clinical trial to evaluate the acute toxic effect of PGAs on humans, one of the subjects who ate mashed potatoes containing a PGA dose of 1.25 mg/kg BW experienced clinical features of PGA poisoning including gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting 4 h after the dose [ 11 ].…”