Sol–gel synthesis and electrochemical properties of 9LiFePO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Zhong, Shengkui; Wu, Ling; Liu, Jiequn

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.181

Cited by 79 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…3(b) shows the highly resolved V 2p XPS core level peak and its fitted Gaussian peaks. It can be seen that the binding energy of V are located at 517.5 eV and 525.2 eV for 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 splits, respectively, demonstrating that the main chemical state of V in the LVP/graphene nanocomposite is þ 3 according to the previous reports [42][43][44]. Meanwhile, the P 2p spectrum shown in Fig.…”

Section: Crystal Structure and Morphologymentioning

confidence: 62%

Li3V2(PO4)3/graphene nanocomposite as a high performance cathode material for lithium ion battery

Kumar

Thi

Gim

et al. 2015

Ceramics International

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Section: Crystal Structure and Morphologymentioning

confidence: 62%

Li3V2(PO4)3/graphene nanocomposite as a high performance cathode material for lithium ion battery

Kumar

Thi

Gim

et al. 2015

Ceramics International

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“…4a. 49 The tting results of the equivalent circuit are listed in Table S7. The semicircle in the high frequency region is attributed to the charge transfer resistance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Mg doping on the remarkably enhanced electrochemical performance of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode materials for sodium ion batteries

et al. 2015

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Na 3 V 2Àx Mg x (PO 4 ) 3 /C composites with different Mg 2+ doping contents (x ¼ 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.1) were prepared by a facile sol-gel method. The doping effects on the crystal structure were investigated by XRD, XPS and EXAFS. The results show that low dose doping of Mg 2+ does not alter the structure of the material, and magnesium is successfully substituted for the vanadium site. The Mg doped Na 3 V 2Àx Mg x (PO 4 ) 3 /C composites exhibit significant improvements on the electrochemical performance in terms of the rate capability and cycle performance, especially for the Na 3 V 1.95 Mg 0.05 (PO 4 ) 3 /C. For example, when the current density increased from 1 C to 30 C, the specific capacity only decreased from 112.5 mA h g À1 to 94.2 mA h g À1 showing very good rate capability. Moreover, even cycling at a high rate of 20 C, an excellent capacity retention of 81% is maintained from the initial value of 106.4 mA h g À1 to 86.2 mA h g À1 at the 50th cycle. Enhanced rate capability and cycle performance can be attributed to the optimized particle size, structural stability and enhanced ionic and electronic conductivity induced by Mg doping.batteries for large-scale energy storage system applications is very important. 7 Recently, sodium ion batteries have gained an increasing amount of attention due to their abundant reserves and relatively even geological distribution. 8 Actually, many electrode materials such as Na 4 Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (P 2 O 7 ), 9 Na[Ni 0.25 Fe 0.5 Mn 0.25 ]O 2 / C, 10 Na[Li 0.05 (Ni 0.25 Fe 0.25 Mn 0.5 ) 0.95 ]O 2 , 11 Na x CoO 2 , 12 Na 2 C 8 H 4 O 4 , 13 Na 3 (VO 1Àx PO 4 ) 2 F 1+2x , 14 Prussian blue analogues, 15,16 phosphorus, 17,18 and TiO 2 19 have been studied as active materials in cathodes and anodes for sodium ion batteries. However, due to the bigger ionic radius of the sodium ion than the lithium ion (1.02Å for Na + vs. 0.76Å for Li + ), its storage performance and cycle performance are much poorer than its lithium counterpart. The larger Na + radius is proved to be a crucial obstacle for Na + diffusion. 20,21 Therefore, improving Na + diffusion is quite important in developing new electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries with good electrochemical performance.NASICON-type Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 has recently been investigated as a prospective cathode material for sodium ion batteries. It is worth noting that Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 possesses the highly covalent three dimensional framework that generates large interstitial spaces through which sodium ions may diffuse easily. [22][23][24][25][26][27] In addition, the electrochemical response of the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 electrode displays two at plateaus at 3.4 V and 1.6 V vs. Na + /Na; the voltage plateau located at 3.4 V is relatively higher than most other cathode materials for sodium ion batteries in recent reports. 28,29 However, Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 also has an inherent deciency. The distorted VO 6 octahedral units in the NASICON † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: SEM images of Na 3 V 2Àx Mg x (PO 4 ) ...

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“…In comparison to other more traditional methods, sol-gel methods have obvious advantages, such as lower synthesis temperature, smaller particle size (in the nanometer range), narrower particle size distribution, better uniformity, and larger specific surface area. Thus, now that glass, ceramic, coating, and other material manipulation techniques are widely used, sol-gel methods are becoming a promising option for producing nano-sized electrode materials for LIBs [44][45][46][47].…”

Section: Sol-gel Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium vanadium phosphate as cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Wang

Liu

et al. 2015

Ionics

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Lithium vanadium phosphate (Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ) has been extensively studied because of its application as a cathode material in rechargeable lithium ion batteries due to its attractive electrochemical properties, including high specific energy, high working voltage, good cycle stability, and low price. In this review, the preparation of technology, structure, Li + insertion/extraction mechanism, and electrochemical properties of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 are introduced, and with particular focus on the relationship of these topics each other. The synthetic techniques of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , such as high-temperature solid-state method, sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, etc. And progress of techniques in modification, such as coating and elemental doping, is reviewed. Finally, the directions for further development and prospective applications for the material are proposed.

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Sol–gel synthesis and electrochemical properties of 9LiFePO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Cited by 79 publications

References 43 publications

Li3V2(PO4)3/graphene nanocomposite as a high performance cathode material for lithium ion battery

Li3V2(PO4)3/graphene nanocomposite as a high performance cathode material for lithium ion battery

Effects of Mg doping on the remarkably enhanced electrochemical performance of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode materials for sodium ion batteries

Lithium vanadium phosphate as cathode material for lithium ion batteries

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Sol–gel synthesis and electrochemical properties of 9LiFePO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Cited by 79 publications

References 43 publications

Li3V2(PO4)3/graphene nanocomposite as a high performance cathode material for lithium ion battery

Li3V2(PO4)3/graphene nanocomposite as a high performance cathode material for lithium ion battery

Effects of Mg doping on the remarkably enhanced electrochemical performance of Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode materials for sodium ion batteries

Lithium vanadium phosphate as cathode material for lithium ion batteries

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Effects of Mg doping on the remarkably enhanced electrochemical performance of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode materials for sodium ion batteries