“…Therefore, the performance of the proposed soft sensor in terms of its estimation accuracy was compared with that of the conventional black-box models, including PLS, ANNs, and neural network partial least squares (NN-PLS). PLS has been widely used as a powerful modeling method for constructing linear models from laboratory and field measurement data. ,− ANNs are widely used for modeling of the nonlinear behaviors of a process because they allow a great deal of flexibility in deciding the model structures. ,− NN-PLS algorithms , are hybrid models that combine linear PLS with ANNs. In NN-PLS, the ANNs capture the nonlinearity, while PLS allows the PLS projection to be maintained to obtain a robust generalization property.…”