Sodium Secretion and Reabsorption in the Human Eccrine Sweat Gland*

Cage, Gary W.; Dobson, Richard L.

doi:10.1172/jci105233

Cited by 88 publications

(70 citation statements)

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“…Since concentrations of sodium and chloride in sweat increase with increasing sweat rate [10,15,31,55], high concentrations could be explained by an abnormal population of sweat glands characterized by an abnormally high flow rate (hypersecretion hypothesis) [48]. According to our results (table I), there is no significant difference in sweat rate between CS and CFP.…”

Section: Increased Sweat Rate Of Single Glandsmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…100 500 tion; sodium concentration increases significantly with increasing rate of sweating [10,15,33]. If this effect of sweat rate is considered, the biological variability decreases and amounts to ±15 mEq/1 (maximal dispersion of values) at all sweat rates in both control subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.…”

Section: Sweat Rate(nl/gland/hour)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sweat Composition in Relation to Rate of Sweating in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas

et al. 1968

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ExtractSingle sweat droplets were collected from a mineral oil-covered finger surface ( fig. 1). Rate of sweat production (sweat rate) per gland per hour was calculated. Using microtechniques, the concentrations of electrolytes and metabolites, osmolarity, pH, and viscosity were determined in undiluted pooled sweat. The following results were obtained:No significant difference was observed in sweat rate per gland between control subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CFP).Concentrations of sodium and chloride in sweat rose with increasing sweat rates in both control subjects and patients with CFP. In the patients with CFP, the lowest values were between 70 and 90 mEq/1 and the curve approached isotonicity. Chloride values were consistently lower than those of sodium. Concentrations of potassium decreased with increasing sweat rate in control subjects approaching a value of about 10 mEq/1. In patients with CFP, the values for potassium were frequently twice as high as those in the control subjects. Concentration of calcium dropped rapidly with an increasing sweat rate from 10 to 1-2 mEq/1.Concentrations of lactic acid and urea were high at low sweat rates and decreased hyperbolically with increasing rates. In patients with CFP, the values of both components were lower than those in control subjects. Urea was uniformly more concentrated in sweat than in plasma; the sweat:plasma ratio approached 1.0 with increasing sweat rates.Creatinine concentrations decreased with increasing sweat rate. No difference was observed between values in two patients and two control subjects. Glucose concentration was low (0.2-6 mg/100 ml) and was independent of the sweat rate. No significant difference was observed in comparing five patients with CFP and six control subjects.In control subjects, osmolarity decreased, with increasing sweat rate, from 240 to approximately 120 mOsmol/1 and then increased (mean 163 mOsmol/1). In patients with CFP, the curve was similar in shape but began and ended in a range of approximately 320 m/Osmol/1 (mean 299 mOsmol/1).The pH of sweat was acid at low sweat rates (pH 3.5-6.0) and was slightly alkaline (pH 7.0-8.5) at high rates. No differences were observed when comparing five patients and five control subjects.Viscosity of sweat was significantly elevated in five patients with CFP in relation to that observed in eight control subjects. This may be explained by the elevated concentration of salt in sweat of patients with CFP.The excretory pattern of urea, lactic acid, and creatinine in sweat of patients with CFP, compared with that of control subjects, argues against an increased rate of water reabsorption in the excretory ducts of the sweat gland. The course of the sodium and the chloride curve and the values of osmolarity EMRICH, STOLL, FRIOLET, COLOMBO, RIGHTERIGH, ROSSI 465 in sweat favor the assumption that in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, the precursor fluid is in the isotonic range; net sodium reabsorption can then be calculated and appears to be defective in patients w...

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Section: Increased Sweat Rate Of Single Glandsmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Sweat Rate(nl/gland/hour)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweat Composition in Relation to Rate of Sweating in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas

et al. 1968

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“…1,7 The decrease in plasma Na þ content observed in the first 65 minutes postingestion was likely due to Na þ loss via exercise-induced sweating. We observed an increase in plasma Na þ content change from 30 to 65 minutes in the 2-bolus condition that was not observed in the 0-or 1-bolus condition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, the effects of ingesting PJ on the extracellular fluid space have not been measured after 60 minutes postingestion. Therefore, the purpose of our study was 2-fold: (1) …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

McKenney

Miller

Deal

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise.Objective: To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated men (age ¼ 23 6 4 years, height ¼ 180.9 6 5.8 cm, mass ¼ 80.7 6 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity ¼ 1.009 6 0.005).Intervention(s): On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mLÁkg À1 body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature ¼ 378C, relative humidity ¼ 18%), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0-and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mLÁkg À1 body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature ¼ 218C, relative humidity ¼ 18%). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise.Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume.Results: The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEqÁL À1 (144.6 mmolÁL À1 ), 4.98 mEqÁL À1 (4.98 mmolÁL À1 ), and 289.5 mOsmÁkg À1 H 2 O, respectively, in any condition at any time. Conclusions: Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.

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“…In a normal man the sodium concentration of sweat can range from 20 to over 100 mEq per L, depending upon the sweat rate (1). In normal children, the sweat sodium concentration is rarely greater than 60 mEq per L. In fact, a concentration above 70 mEq per L in a child is generally diagnostic of cystic fibrosis (CF) if adrenal insufficiency can be ruled out (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%